INDICE: Preface .Acknowledgement .Abbreviations .1 Introduction 5 .1.1 What Is RFID 5 .1.2 A Brief History of RFID 6 .1.3 Motivation and Scope of This Book 6 .1.4 Notations 8 .References 9 .2 Fundamentals of RFID Systems 11 .2.1 Operating Principles 11 .2.2 Passive, Semi–Passive / Semi–Active, and Active RFID 13 .2.3 Analog Circuits for RFID 15 .2.4 Circuit Analysis for Signal Transfer in RFID 17 .2.4.1 Equivalent Circuit of Antennas in Generic Communication Links 17 .2.4.2 Load Modulation 18 .2.4.3 Backscattering Modulation 20 .2.5 Signal Analysis of RFID Systems 22 .2.5.1 Qualitative Analysis 23 .2.5.2 Quantitative Analysis 24 .2.6 Statistical Channel Models 26 .2.6.1 Backgrounds of Rayleigh, Ricean and Nakagami Fading 26 .2.6.2 Statistical Channel Models of RFID Systems 30 .2.6.3 Large Scale Path Loss 32 .2.7 A Review of RFID Protocol 33 .2.7.1 Physical Layer 34 .2.7.2 MAC Layer 37 .2.8 Challenges in RFID 40 .2.9 Summary 42 .References 43 .3 Basic Signal Processing for RFID 45 .3.1 Bandpass Filters and Their Applications to RFID 45 .3.1.1 Lowpass Filter Performance Specification 45 .3.1.2 Lowpass Filter Design 47 .3.1.3 Bandpass Filter Design 51 .3.1.4 Bandpass Filters for RFID Systems 54 .3.2 Matching Filters and Their Applications to RFID 59 .3.3 A Review of Optimal Estimation 63 .3.3.1 Linear Least Square Estimation 63 .3.3.2 Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation 64 .3.3.3 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 65 .3.3.4 Comparison of the Three Estimation Algorithms 66 .3.4 Summary 71 .References 72 .4 RFID–orientedModulation Schemes 75 .4.1 A Brief Review on Analog Modulation 75 .4.2 Amplitude– and Phase–Shift Keying and Performance Analysis 78 .4.2.1 M–ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 78 .4.2.2 Symbol Error Rate Analysis of M–QAM 80 .4.2.3 Numerical Results for M–QAM 86 .4.3 Phase–Shift Keying and Performance Analysis 88 .4.4 Frequency–Shift Keying and Performance Analysis 91 .4.5 Summary 97 .References 100 .5 MIMO for RFID 103 .5.1 Introduction 103 .5.2 MIMO principle 105 .5.3 Channel Modeling of RFID–MIMO Wireless Systems 107 .5.4 Design of Reader Transmit Signals 109 .5.4.1 Signal Design 109 .5.4.2 Simulation Results 110 .5.5 Space–Time Coding for RFID–MIMO Systems 113 .5.5.1 A Review of Real Orthogonal Design 113 .5.5.2 Space–Time Coding for RFID–MIMO Systems 118 .5.5.3 Two Space–Time Decoding Approaches for RFID–MIMO Systems 119 .5.5.4 Simulation Results 121 .5.6 Differential Space–Time Coding for RFID–MIMO Systems 130 .5.6.1 A Review of Unitary DSTC 130 .5.6.2 Application of Unitary DTSC to RFID 133 .5.6.3 Simulation Results 134 .5.7 Summary 135 .References 144 .6 Blind Signal Processing for RFID 147 .6.1 Introduction 147 .6.2 Channel Model of Multiple–Tag RFID–MIMO Systems 150 .6.2.1 Channel Model of Single–Tag RFID–MIMO Systems 150 .6.2.2 Channel Model of Multiple–Tag RFID–MIMO Systems 150 .6.3 An Analytical Constant Modulus Algorithm 152 .6.4 Application of ACMA to Multiple–Tag RFID Systems 159 .6.5 Summary 173 .References 174 .7 Anti–Collision of Multiple–Tag RFID Systems 175 .7.1 Introduction 175 .7.2 Tree–Splitting Algorithms 177 .7.2.1 Mean Identification Delay 180 .7.2.2 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency: Approach One 182 .7.2.3 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency: Approach Two 184 .7.2.4 Numerical Results 195 .7.2.5 Variants of TS Algorithms 204 .7.3 Aloha–Based Algorithm 204 .7.3.1 Mean Identification Delay 205 .7.3.2 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency 207 .7.3.3 Numerical Results 208 .7.3.4 Adaptive Frame Size Based Aloha 210 .7.4 Summary 222 .References 227 .8 Localization with RFID 231 .8.1 Introduction 231 .8.2 RFID Localization 235 .8.2.1 Geometric Class 235 .8.2.2 Proximity Class 240 .8.3 RFID Ranging Frequency–Domain PDoA Approach 244 .8.4 RFID AoA Finding Spatial–Domain PDoA 247 .8.5 NLoS Issue 253 .8.6 Summary 255 .References 256 .9 Some Future Perspectives for RFID 261 .9.1 Introduction 261 .9.2 UWB Basics 262 .9.2.1 UWB Definition 262 .9.2.2 UWB Modulation Schemes 263 .9.2.3 UWB Channel Models 265 .9.3 Covert RFID 266 .9.3.1 Basics of Time Reversal 266 .9.3.2 Covert RFID 269 .9.4 Chipless RFID 271 .9.4.1 Spectral–Signature–Based Chipless RFID 272 .9.4.2 Time–Domain Reflectometry–Based Chipless RFID 275 .9.5 Concluding Remarks 277 .References 277 .Index
- ISBN: 978-1-118-82431-3
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 312
- Fecha Publicación: 22/04/2016
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés