The first comprehensive account of the rapidly growing field of asymmetric dearomatization reactions with a focus on catalytic methods. It introduces the concept of dearomatization and describes recent progress in asymmetric reaction procedures with different catalyst systems, such as organocatalysts, transition metal catalysts, and enzymes. Chapters on dearomatizations of electron–deficient aromatic rings, dearomatization reactions via transition metal–catalyzed cross–couplings as well as dearomatization strategies in the synthesis of complex natural products are also included. Written by pioneers in the field, this is a highly valuable source of information not only for professional synthetic chemists in academia and industry but also for all those are interested in asymmetric methodologies and organic synthesis in general. INDICE: List of Contributors XIII .Preface XVII .1 Introduction 1Wei Zhang and Shu–Li You .1.1 Why Asymmetric Dearomatization Reactions? 1 .1.2 Discovery of Aromatic Compounds and Dearomatization Reactions 1 .1.3 Development of Dearomatization Reactions 3 .1.4 Asymmetric Dearomatization Reactions 7 .References 8 .2 Asymmetric Dearomatization with Chiral Auxiliaries and Reagents 9E. Peter Kündig .2.1 Introduction 9 .2.2 Chiral –Bound Auxiliaries 9 .2.2.1 Oxazolines 9 .2.2.2 Imines, Oxazolidines, and Hydrazones 15 .2.2.3 Chiral Ethers and Amines 16 .2.3 Diastereospecific Anionic Cyclizations 20 .2.4 Use of Chiral Reagents 21 .2.4.1 Chiral Bases in Dearomatizing Cyclizations 21 .2.4.2 Chiral Nucleophiles 23 .2.4.3 Chiral Ligands in Enantioselective Nucleophilic Additions 23 .2.5 Chiral –Complexes 26 .2.5.1 Planar Chiral 6–Arene Complexes 26 .2.5.2 6–Arene Complexes with a Chiral Ligand 28 .2.5.3 Complexes with Stereogenic Metal Centers 29 .2.6 Conclusion 30 .References 30 .3 Organocatalytic Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of (Hetero)Arenes 33Gaëlle Mingat and Magnus Rueping .3.1 Introduction 33 .3.2 Organocatalytic Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Heteroaromatics 34 .3.2.1 Quinolines 34 .3.2.1.1 Proof–of–Concept 34 .3.2.1.2 2–Substituted Quinolines 35 .3.2.1.3 4–Substituted Quinolines 40 .3.2.1.4 3–Substituted Quinolines 41 .3.2.1.5 2,3–Disubstituted Quinolines 42 .3.2.1.6 Spiro–Tetrahydroquinolines 45 .3.2.2 Benzoxazines, Benzothiazines, and Benzoxazinones 47 .3.2.3 Benzodiazepines and Benzodiazepinones 49 .3.2.4 Pyridines 51 .3.2.5 3H–Indoles 51 .3.2.6 Quinoxalines and Quinoxalinones 52 .3.3 Organocatalytic Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation in Aqueous Solution 53 .3.4 Cascade Reactions 54 .3.4.1 Introduction 54 .3.4.2 In situ Generation of the Heteroarene 54 .3.4.3 Dearomatization of Pyridine/Asymmetric aza–Friedel Crafts Alkylation Cascade 56 .3.4.4 Combining Photochemistry and Brønsted Acid Catalysis 57 .3.4.4.1 Quinolines 57 .3.4.4.2 Pyrylium ions 58 .3.5 Cooperative and Relay Catalysis: Combining Brønsted Acid– and Metal–Catalysis 59 .3.5.1 Introduction 59 .3.5.2 Improvements in Transfer Hydrogenation 60 .3.5.2.1 Regenerable Hydrogen Sources 60 .3.5.2.2 Asymmetric Relay Catalysis (ARC) 62 .3.5.3 Cooperative Metal Brønsted Acid Catalysis 63 .3.6 Summary and Conclusion 65 .References 66 .4 Transition–Metal–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aromatics 69Ryoichi Kuwano .4.1 Introduction 69 .4.2 Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Five–Membered Heteroarenes 71 .4.2.1 Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Azoles and Indoles 71 .4.2.1.1 Rhodium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Indoles 71 .4.2.1.2 Ruthenium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Azoles 73 .4.2.1.3 Palladium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Azoles 75 .4.2.1.4 Iridium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Indoles 77 .4.2.2 Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Oxygen–Containing Heteroarenes 77 .4.2.3 Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Sulfur–Containing Heteroarenes 79 .4.3 Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Six–Membered Heteroarenes 79 .4.3.1 Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Azines 80 .4.3.1.1 Iridium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Pyridines 80 .4.3.1.2 Iridium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Pyrimidines 81 .4.3.2 Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Benzo–Fused Azines 82 .4.3.2.1 Iridium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinolines 82 .4.3.2.2 Ruthenium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinolines 85 .4.3.2.3 Iridium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Isoquinolines 87 .4.3.2.4 Iridium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinoxalines 89 .4.3.2.5 Ruthenium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinoxalines 90 .4.3.2.6 Iron–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinoxalines 92 .4.3.2.7 Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Miscellaneous Six–Membered Heteroarenes 92 .4.3.3 Catalytic Asymmetric Reduction of Quinolines with Reducing Agents Other Than H2 94 .4.4 Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Carbocyclic Arenes 95 .4.4.1 Ruthenium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Carbocycles in Benzo–Fused Heteroarenes 96 .4.4.2 Ruthenium–Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Naphthalenes 97 .4.5 Summary and Conclusion 97 .References 98 .5 Stepwise Asymmetric Dearomatization of Phenols 103Qing Gu .5.1 Introduction 103 .5.2 Stepwise Asymmetric Dearomatization of Phenols 103 .5.2.1 Asymmetric [4+2] Reaction 103 .5.2.2 Asymmetric Heck Reaction 106 .5.2.3 Asymmetric (Hetero) Michael Reaction 108 .5.2.4 Asymmetric Stetter Reaction 119 .5.2.5 Asymmetric Rauhut Currier Reaction 120 .5.2.6 Asymmetric 1,6–Dienyne Cyclized Reaction 122 .5.3 Conclusion and Perspective 126 .References 127 .6 Asymmetric Oxidative Dearomatization Reaction 129Muhammet Uyanik and Kazuaki Ishihara .6.1 Introduction 129 .6.2 Diastereoselective Oxidative Dearomatization using Chiral Auxiliaries 129 .6.3 Enantioselective Oxidative Dearomatization using Chiral Reagents or Catalysts 132 .6.3.1 Chiral Transition Metal Complexes 132 .6.3.2 Chiral Hypervalent Iodines(III, V) and Hypoiodites(I) 139 .6.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 148 .References 149 .7 Asymmetric Dearomatization via Cycloaddition Reaction 153Sarah E. Reisman, Madeleine E. Kieffer, and Haoxuan Wang .7.1 Introduction 153 .7.2 [2+1] Cycloaddition 153 .7.2.1 Asymmetric Büchner Reaction 153 .7.2.2 Cyclopropanation of Heterocyclic Compounds 155 .7.3 [3+2] Cycloaddition 156 .7.4 [3+3] Cycloaddition 161 .7.5 [4+2] Cycloaddition 163 .7.6 [4+3] Cycloaddition 170 .7.7 Conclusion 173 .References 173 .8 Organocatalytic Asymmetric Dearomatization Reactions 175Susana S. Lopez, Sri K. Nimmagadda, and Jon C. Antilla .8.1 Introduction 175 .8.2 Diels Alder 175 .8.3 Oxidative Dearomatization 179 .8.4 Cascade Reactions 186 .8.5 Stepwise 193 .8.6 Nucleophilic Dearomatization 200 .8.7 Summary and Conclusion 204 .References 205 .9 Dearomatization via Transition–Metal–Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reactions 207Tetsuhiro Nemoto and Yasumasa Hamada .9.1 Introduction 207 .9.2 Dearomatization of Indoles and Pyrroles via Transition–Metal–Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reactions 208 .9.3 Dearomatization of Phenols via Transition–Metal–Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reactions 216 .9.4 Dearomatization of Phenols and Indoles via Activation of Propargyl Carbonates with Pd Catalyst 221 .9.5 Conclusion 226 .References 226 .10 Dearomatization via Transition–Metal–Catalyzed Cross–Coupling Reactions 229Robin B. Bedford .10.1 Introduction: From Cross–Coupling to Catalytic Dearomatization 229 .10.2 Dearomatization of Phenolic Substrates 231 .10.3 Dearomatization of Nitrogen–Containing Substrates 240 .10.4 Conclusion and Outlook 244 .References 245 .11 Dearomatization Reactions of Electron–Deficient Aromatic Rings 247Chihiro Tsukano and Yoshiji Takemoto .11.1 Introduction 247 .11.2 Dearomatization of Activated Pyridines and Other Electron–Deficient Heterocycles 248 .11.2.1 Dearomatization via Alkyl Pyridinium Salts 248 .11.2.1.1 Reduction with Borohydrides 248 .11.2.1.2 Reduction with Na2S2O4 249 .11.2.1.3 Reduction with Other Reducing Agents 250 .11.2.1.4 Nucleophilic Addition of Grignard Reagents 251 .11.2.1.5 Nucleophilic Addition of Cyanide 252 .11.2.1.6 Addition of Other Carbon Nucleophiles 252 .11.2.2 Dearomatization via Alkoxycarbonylpyridinium Salts 253 .11.2.2.1 Reduction with Hydride Nucleophiles 254 .11.2.2.2 Addition of Metal Nucleophiles, Including Grignard Reagents 255 .11.2.2.3 Addition of Enolates and Related Carbon Nucleophiles 261 .11.2.2.4 Nucleophilic Addition of Cyanide 264 .11.2.2.5 Addition of Other Nucleophiles 265 .11.2.3 Dearomatization via Acyl Pyridinium Salts 266 .11.2.3.1 Reduction with Hydride Reducing Agents 266 .11.2.3.2 Addition of Metal Nucleophiles Including Grignard Reagents 269 .11.2.3.3 Addition of Enolates and Related Carbon Nucleophiles 270 .11.2.4 Dearomatization through Other Pyridinium Cations 270 .11.3 Summary and Conclusion 274 .References 274 .12 Asymmetric Dearomatization Under Enzymatic Conditions 279Simon E. Lewis .12.1 Introduction 279 .12.2 Dearomatizing Arene cis–Dihydroxylation 280 .12.2.1 Early Development 280 .12.2.2 Types of Arene Dioxygenase 281 .12.2.3 Substrate Scope and Regioselectivity 283 .12.2.3.1 Monocyclic Substituted Benzene Substrates (Excluding Biaryls) 299 .12.2.3.2 Biaryl Substrates 299 .12.2.3.3 Naphthalene Substrates 299 .12.2.3.4 Benzoic Acid Substrates 299 .12.2.3.5 Heterocyclic Substrates (Mono– and Bicyclic) 300 .12.2.3.6 Bicyclic Carbocyclic Substrates (Other than Naphthalenes) 300 .12.2.3.7 Tricyclic Substrates (Carbo– and Heterocyclic) 300 .12.2.4 Availability of Arene cis–Diols 300 .12.2.5 Uses in Synthesis 302 .12.2.5.1 Total Synthesis 302 .12.2.5.2 Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals 315 .12.2.5.3 Polymers 317 .12.2.5.4 Flavors and Fragrances 320 .12.2.5.5 Dyes 321 .12.2.5.6 Ligands and MOFs 321 .12.2.6 Increasing the Substrate Scope 324 .12.2.7 Accessing Both Enantiomeric Series 326 .12.2.8 Improvements to the Production Process 328 .12.3 Dearomatizing Arene Epoxidation 328 .12.4 Dearomatizing Arene Reduction 330 .12.5 Summary and Conclusion 330 .List of Abbreviations 331 .References 332 .13 Total Synthesis of Complex Natural Products via Dearomatization 347Weiqing Xie and Dawei Ma .13.1 Introduction 347 .13.2 Natural Products Synthesis via Oxidative Dearomatization 348 .13.2.1 Enzymatic Dihydroxylative Dearomatization of Arene 348 .13.2.2 Oxidative Dearomatization of Phenol 349 .13.2.3 Oxidative Cycloisomerization Reaction of Phenol 355 .13.2.4 Oxidative Dearomatization of Indole in Synthesis of Natural Products 357 .13.3 Dearomatization via Cycloaddition in Synthesis of Natural Products 360 .13.4 Dearomatization via Nucleophilic Addition in Synthesis of Natural Products 367 .13.5 Reductive Dearomatization in Synthesis of Natural Products 367 .13.6 Dearomatization via Electrophilic Addition in Synthesis of Natural Products 369 .13.7 Dearomatization via Intramolecular Arylation in Natural Products Synthesis 371 .13.8 Summary and Perspective 373 .References 374 .14 Miscellaneous Asymmetric Dearomatization Reactions 379Wei Zhang and Shu–Li You .14.1 Introduction 379 .14.2 Miscellaneous Asymmetric Dearomatization Reactions 379 .14.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 388 .References 388 .Index 391
- ISBN: 978-3-527-33851-1
- Editorial: Wiley VCH
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 424
- Fecha Publicación: 03/08/2016
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés