The Principles of Flight for Pilots will enable aspiring pilots to pass the EASA examination in this subject. It is organized in such a way that it act as both a study guide for pilots who wish to take commercial ground examinations to obtain an ATPL or CPL license, and a reliable reference book for commercialpilots who have already qualified. Currently, there is no book which explainsall of the topics required by the EASA in the depth necessary to pass the examination. The Principles of Flight for Pilots is organized into seven parts, which include basic aerodynamics; level flight aerodynamics; stability; manoeuvre aerodynamics; and other aerodynamic considerations. Each includes of self-assessed questions, totally 848 in all, with full calculations and explanationsprovided at the end of the book INDICE: Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Weight and Mass PART 1 THE PRELIMINARIES 1 Basic Principles The Atmosphere The Composition of AirThe Measurement of Temperature Air Density The International Standard Atmosphere ISA Deviation JSA Deviation Height and Altitude Pressure Altitude Density Altitude The Physical Properties of Air Fluid Pressure Static Pressure DynamicPressure Basic Physics Newtons Laws of Motion Definitions First Law Second Law Third Law Constant-Acceleration Formulae The Equation of Impulse The Basic Gas Laws Boyles Law Charles Law Pressure Law The Ideal Gas Equation The Conservation Laws Bernoullis Theorem Viscosity The Equation of Continuity Reynolds Number Critical Reynolds Number (Recrit) Units of Measurement Self-Assessment Exercise 1 2 Basic Aerodynamic Definitions Aerofoil Profile Aerofoil Attitude Wing Shape Wing Loading Weight and Mass The Newton Airspeeds Airspeed Indicator Reading (ASIR) Indicated Airspeed (IAS) Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) Rectified Airspeed (RAS) Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) True Airspeed (TAS) Mach Number Speed Summary The Effect of Altitude on Airspeeds a. Below the Tropopause b. Above the Tropopause Self-Assessment Exercise 2 PART 2 BASIC AERODYNAMICS 3 Basic Control Aeroplane Axes and Planes of Rotation The Longitudinal or Roll Axis The Lateral or Pitch Axis The Normal or Yaw Axis The Flight Controls The Elevators Pitch Control Control Surface Area Control Surface Angular Deflection The Moment Arm Angle of Attack Alternative Pitch Controls Variable Incidence Tailplane The Stabilator The Elevons The Rudder Yaw Control Control-Surface Area Control-Surface Deflection The Moment Arm Engine-Induced Yaw Asymmetric Engine YawingMoment Asymmetric Rolling Moment Minimum Control Speeds For Take-off For Landing Vmc Vmcg The Effect of the Variables on Vmcg and Vmc Vmcl Vmcl (1 out) Vmcl-2 The Effect of the Variables on Vmcl The Ailerons Roll Control The FlaperonWing Twist Geometric Twist Aerodynamic Twist Twisterons High-Speed Twist Low-Speed Ailerons High-Speed Ailerons Roll Spoilers Self-Assessment Exercise 3 4 Lift Generation Turbulent Flow Streamline Flow The Boundary Layer The Laminar Boundary Layer The Transition Point The Turbulent Boundary Layer Leading-Edge Separation Boundary-Layer Control Blowing Suction Vortex Generators Two-Dimensional Flow The Stagnation Point Aerofoil Upper-Surface Airflow Aerofoil Lower-Surface Airflow Lift Production Symmetrical Aerofoils Cambered Aerofoils a. Negative Angles of Attack b. Small Positive Angles of Attack c. Large Positive Angles of Attack The Centre of Pressure (CP) Pitching Moments The Aerodynamic Centre Three-Dimensional Flow Wing-Tip Vortices Wake Turbulence Spanwise Lift Distribution The Effect of Wing Planform Self-Assessment Exercise 4 PART 3 LEVEL-FLIGHT AERODYNAMICS 5 Lift Analysis The Four Forces Mass Lift Analysis The Factors Affecting Cl The Effect of Angle of Attack The Effect of the Wing ShapeThe Effect of Leading-Edge Radius The Effect of Camber The Effect of Aspect Ratio The Wing Planform The Effect of Sweepback The Effect of Airframe-Surface Condition The Effect of Reynolds Number The Relationship between Speeds, Angles of Attack and Cl Aerofoil Profiles High-Lift Aerofoils General-Purpose Aerofoils High-Speed Aerofoils Self-Assessment Exercise 5 6 Lift Augmentation Wing Loading Clmax Augmentation Slats Automatic Slats Manual Slats Slots Flaps Leading-Edge Flaps The Krueger Flap The Drooped Leading Edge Trailing-Edge Flaps The Plain Trailing-Edge Flap The Split Trailing-Edge Flap The Slotted Trailing-Edge Flap The Fowler Flap The Effect of Trailing-Edge Flaps Leading- and Trailing-Edge Combinations The Effect of Sweepback on Flap Self-Assessment Exercise6 7 Drag Parasite (Profile) Drag Surface-Friction Drag Surface Area Coefficient of Viscosity Rate of Change of Airspeed Flow Transition Surface Condition Speed and Size Adverse Pressure Gradient Form (Pressure) Drag Interference DragInduced Drag The Effect of Speed The Effect of Mass The Effect of Planform The Effect of Sweepback The Effect of Aspect Ratio The Effect of Flap The Effectof the CG Position Effects Summary Ground Effect Wing-Tip Design Wingspan Loading The Coefficient of Induced Drag (CDI) Total Drag Analysis of the Total-Drag Curve The Velocity of Minimum Drag (Vimd) The Velocity of MinimumPower(Vimp) The Maximum EAS/Drag Ratio (Vi/Dmax) Speed Speed Stability and Instability The Effect of the Variables on Total Drag The Effect of Altitude The Effect of Mass The Effect of Flap The Cl v Cd Polar Diagram Analysis of the Lift/Drag Ratio The Effect of Flap The Effect of Aspect Ratio The Effect of Mass Drag Augmentation Airbrakes Spoilers Flight Spoilers Ground Spoilers Roll Spoilers Barn-Door Flaps Drag Parachutes Self-Assessment Exercise 7 8 Stalling The Stall The Boundary Layer Boundary-Layer Separation Trailing-Edge Separation Leading-Edge Separation The Low-Speed Stall Stalling Angle Factors Affecting the Low-Speed Stalling Angle Slat/Flap Setting Ice Accretion Effect on Take-off and Landing Take-Off Landing Reduced Stalling Angle Abnormal Stalling Characteristics Heavy Rain The Effect of Wing Design on the Low-Speed Stall Swept Wings Elliptical Wings Rectangular Wings Straight Tapered Wings Spanwise-Flow Attenuation Devices The Wing Fence The Sawtooth Leading Edge The Notched Leading Edge Vortex Generators Wing-Tip Stalling The Effect of Flap The Prevention of Wing-Tip Stalling a. Washout b. Root Spoiler c. Changing Camber d. Slats and Slots e. Aspect Ratio Stalling Characteristics Ideal Stalling Characteristics Swept-Wing Stalling Characteristics Summary of Factors Affecting the Stalling Angle StallWarning Aerodynamic Stall Warning Mechanical Stall Warning The Flapper SwitchThe Angle of Attack Sensor Stick Shakers Stick Pushers Stalling Speed FactorsAffecting Stalling Speed Centre of Gravity (CG) Forward CG Disadvantage Advantage Aft CG Disadvantage Advantage Mass Altitude Configuration Ice Accretion Wing Planform Summary of Factor Effects on Stalling Speed The Speed Boundary The Effect of a Gust on the Load Factor Turn Stalling Speed Stalling-Speed Definitions Vclmax Vms Vms0 Vms1 Vs Vs0 Vs1 Vs1g Vsr Vsr0 Vsr1 Other Types of StallThe Deep Stall The Accelerated Stall The Power-On Stall The Shock Stall StallRecovery The Low-speed Stall The Deep Stall The Accelerated Stall The Power-On Stall The Shock Stall The Spin Self-Assessment Exercise 8 9 Thrust and Powerin Level Flight Thrust Analysis of the Thrust Curves Thrust Available Thrust Required Maximum Speed (EAS) The Effect of the Variables on Thrust Altitude Mass Asymmetric Flight Centre of Gravity Power Analysis of the Power Curves Maximum TAS Vmp and Vmd The Effect of the Variables on Power Altitude Mass SummarySelf-Assessment Exercise 9 10 Advanced Control Wing Torsion and Flexing Wing Flutter Torsional Flexural Flutter Aileron Flutter Torsional Aileron Flutter Flexural Aileron Flutter The Mass Balance Divergence Control Secondary Effects Adverse Yaw Counteraction Devices Rudder/Aileron Coupling Slot/Aileron Coupling Spoiler/Aileron Coupling Differential Aileron Deflection Frise Ailerons Control-Surface Operation Aerodynamic Balance Methods The Hinge Balance The Horn Balance The Internal Balance The Balance Tab The Antibalance Tab The Spring TabThe Servo Tab Primary Control-Surface Trimming Variable Trim Tabs Fixed Trim Tabs Stabilizer Trim Setting Powered Controls Power-Assisted Controls Fully Powered Controls Artificial Feel The Simple System The Servo-Assisted Hydraulic System Fly-by-Wire Self-Assessment Exercise 10 PART 4 STABILITY 11 Static Stability Static Stability The Effect of the Variables on Static Stability Directional Static Stability Yaw and Sideslip The Directional Restoring Moment Fin and Rudder Design The Dorsal Fin The Ventral Fin The Moment Arm Aeroplane DesignFeatures Affecting Directional Static Stability Fuselage Wing Dihedral Sweepback Propeller Slipstream Neutral Directional Static Stability Lateral Static Stability Aeroplane Design Features Affecting Lateral Static Stability Increased Lateral Static Stability Decreased Lateral Static Stability Sideslip Angle and Rolling Moment Coefficient Analysis of Design Feature Effects Wing Contribution Dihedral Anhedral Sweepback Wing/Fuselage Interference Shielding Effect Wing Location Fuselage/Fin Fin Size Ventral Fin Handling Considerations Propeller Slipstream Crosswind Landings Flaps Longitudinal Static Stability The Centre of Pressure (CP) The Neutral Point (NP) Types of Static Neutral Point The Stick-Free Static Neutral Point The Stick-Fixed Static Neutral Point The Effect of the CG at the NP The Aerodynamic Centre (AC) The Centre of Gravity (CG) TheCG Envelope CG Envelope Limitations CG Movement The Effect of CG at the Limits CG at the Forward Limit CG at the Aft Limit The Static Margin (SM) The Trim Point (TP) Longitudinal Dihedral Aircraft-Design Variations The Effect of the Variables on Longitudinal Static Stability Elevator Deflection Trim The Fuselage Angle of Attack Configuration Trailing-Edge Flaps Undercarriage Stick-FixedLongitudinal Static Stability Stick-Position Stability Stick-Free Longitudinal Static Stability Stick Force Certification Standard Stick-Force Requirementsa. Class A Aeroplanes CS 25.173(c) b. Class B Aeroplanes CS 23.173(c) The Effect of CG Position on Stick Force Longitudinal Static Manoeuvre Stability The Manoeuvre Point Factors Affecting Stick Force Summary The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions Ice Accretion Heavy Rain Altitude The Factors Affecting Static Stability Self-Assessment Exercise 11 12 Dynamic Stability Longitudinal Dynamic Stability The Phugoid Short-Period Oscillation Factors Affecting Longitudinal Dynamic Stability Lateral Dynamic Stability Sideslip Rolling Spiral Dutch RollSpiral Instability Dutch Roll Asymmetric Thrust Aerodynamic Damping Summary The Factors Affecting Dynamic Stability a. General b. Longitudinal c. Lateral Self-Assessment Ex
- ISBN: 978-0-470-71073-9
- Editorial: John Wiley & Sons
- Encuadernacion: Rústica
- Páginas: 512
- Fecha Publicación: 08/10/2010
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés