Food safety is a multi–faceted subject, using microbiology, chemistry, standards and regulations, and risk management to address issues involving bacterial pathogens, chemical contaminants, natural toxicants, additive safety, allergens, and more. This revised edition has been updated with the latest information on food safety. It addresses all the topics pertinent to a full understanding of keeping the food we eat safe. Each chapter of Food Safety: The Science of Keeping Food Safe, Second Edition proceeds from introductory concepts and builds towards a sophisticated treatment of the topic, allowing the reader to take what knowledge is required for understanding food safety at a wide range of levels. Illustrated with photographs and examples throughout, this new edition also boasts 4 new chapters covering radioactivity in food; food terrorism; food authenticity; and food supplements. This second edition has been revised and updated throughout to include the latest topics in this fast–moving field Includes 4 brand new chapters on radioactivity in food, food terrorism, food authenticity, and food supplements The most readable and user–friendly food safety book for students, scientists, regulators, and general readers Food Safety is the ideal starting point for students and non–specialists seeking to learn about food safety issues, and an enjoyable and stylish read for those who already have an academic or professional background in the area. INDICE: Acknowledgements xiv .1 Introduction 1 .Introduction 1 .A brief history of food safety 1 .Evolution of cellular protection mechanisms 2 .2 Food Risk 13 .Introduction 13 .What is risk? 14 .Measuring hazard 16 .Determining risk 18 .Acceptable risk 23 .Risk versus benefit 26 .Risk perception 27 .The precautionary principle 30 .Food risk assessment 31 .Relative risk and risk ranking 33 .Risk management 33 .Risk communication 36 .Quantitative risk assessment 36 .Take home messages 45 .Further reading 45 .3 Bacteria 46 .Introduction 46 .The discovery of bacteria 47 .The biology of bacteria 52 .The bacterial ecology of food 61 .Human bacterial pathogens on food 62 .Gastroenteritis 63 .Food–borne pathogenic bacteria 63 .Take home messages 101 .Further reading 102 .4 Viruses 103 .Introduction 103 .The discovery of viruses 103 .The biology of viruses 105 .Diseases caused by viruses and mechanisms of viral transmission 108 .Other food–borne viruses 115 .Take home messages 116 .Further reading 116 .5 Parasites 117 .Introduction 117 .What are parasites? 117 .Flatworms Platyhelminthes 118 .Tapeworms Cestodes 118 .Flukes Trematodes 121 .Nematodes 124 .Protozoa 130 .Take home messages 140 .Further reading 140 .6 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) 141 .Introduction 141 .The history of BSE 141 .The epidemiology of BSE in England 142 .Spongiform encephalopathies 143 .Prions 143 .The symptoms of BSE 145 .BSE cases in the UK 146 .BSE transmission and the origins of PrPSC 146 .The risk to human consumers of BSE beef nvCJD 149 .The politics of BSE and implications for food safety worldwide 153 .BSE incidence around the world 153 .Take home messages 154 .Further reading 155 .7 Chemical Contaminants 156 .Introduction 156 .Pesticides 157 .Insecticides 164 .Herbicides 185 .Fungicides 187 .Veterinary medicines 192 .Growth promoting chemicals 203 .Fertilisers 208 .Natural environmental chemicals 210 .Non–agricultural environmental pollutants 213 .Residues monitoring programmes 217 .Dietary intake and risk to human consumers 218 .Take home messages 219 .Further reading 219 .8 Natural Toxins 220 .Introduction 220 .Why produce natural toxins? 221 .Natural toxins in the human food chain 222 .Plant toxins 224 .Mycotoxins 237 .Phytohaemagglutinins in beans 241 .Bacterial toxins 243 .Phytoestrogens 243 .Take home messages 243 .Further reading 243 .9 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 244 .Introduction 244 .The first observations of xenoestrogens effects 245 .Estrogen receptors ERs 246 .Molecular requirements for estrogenicity 247 .Estrogens are present in both males and females 247 .Xenoestrogens 248 .Population level effects of exposure to xenoestrogens 261 .The positive health effects of xenoestrogens 264 .Take home messages 265 .Further reading 265 .10 Genetically Modified Food 266 .Introduction 266 .A brief introduction to nucleic acids, genetics .and molecular biology 267 .Nucleic acids 267 .Converting the genetic code into a protein 268 .The history of GM crops 271 .The tools of the genetic engineer 272 .Glyphosate–resistant crops 274 .Insect–protected crops BT toxin 275 .GM crops with enhanced flavour or nutritional properties 276 .What happens if humans eat GM crops or foods made from them? 277 .Changed biochemistry in GM crops 278 .What is the effect of eating DNA and RNA? 278 .GM animals 279 .Take home messages 279 .Further reading 279 .11 Colours, Flavours and Preservatives 280 .Introduction 280 .Food colours 282 .Flavours 290 .Preservatives 305 .Take home messages 319 .Further reading 319 .12 Food Irradiation 320 .Introduction 320 .Different types of radioactivity 321 .How irradiation kills cells 323 .The history of food irradiation 324 .The effect of radiation on microorganisms 325 .How is food irradiated? 326 .The effects of irradiation on food chemistry 326 .The effects of irradiation on vitamins 327 .Radiation dose 331 .Does irradiation make food radioactive? 332 .Health effects of food irradiation 332 .The use of food irradiation around the world 333 .Take home messages 334 .Further reading 334 .13 Food Safety and the Unborn Child 335 .Introduction 335 . You are what your mother ate 335 .Growth and development of the embryo and fetus 337 .Effects of food chemical contaminants 344 .Effects of microbiological contaminants 345 .Effects on ova and sperm 346 .Take home messages 347 .Further reading 347 .14 Organic Food 349 .Introduction 349 .What does organic mean? 350 .The history and philosophy of organic farming 351 .Demand for organic food 352 .Organic farming methods 352 .Organic farming legislation 353 .Organic fertilisers 354 .Organic pest control 355 .Organic weed control 355 .Animal health remedies 356 .Food processing 356 .Is organic food better for you? 357 .Myths and facts about organic food 361 .Take home messages 364 .Further reading 365 .15 Food Allergy 367 .Introduction 367 .What is an allergy? 368 .The basics of immunology 368 .Immunity and the immune response 368 .Sensitisation 371 .Food allergies 373 .The genetics of allergy 373 .Food allergens 374 .Milk allergy 375 .Peanut allergy 377 .Soy allergy 380 .Nut allergies 381 .Seafood allergies 383 .Gluten allergy (coeliac disease) 386 .Allergy to eggs 389 .Allergen cross–reactivity 390 .Banana/latex allergy 390 .Food additives allergy 392 .Why is the incidence of food allergies increasing? 392 .A cautionary note 393 .Take home messages 393 .Further reading 394 .16 Food Legislation 395 .Introduction 395 .Legal processes how laws are made 397 .A very brief history of food law 398 .Food legislation around the world 399 .Food legislation in the USA 399 .Food legislation in the UK 402 .Food legislation in New Zealand 405 .Policing food legislation 407 .Does food legislation reduce risks to consumers? 410 .Case example non–compliance follow–up 410 .The relevance of national food legislation in a global food market 411 .Take home messages 412 .Further reading 412 .17 Radioactivity in Food 413 .Introduction 414 .What is radioactivity? 415 .Effects of radiation on cells: Health implications 418 .Energies and penetration powers of radiation 419 .How cells protect themselves against exposure .to radioactivity 420 .Effects of radiation on cells and implications for health 422 .Radioactivity dose 424 .Natural radioactivity 425 .Nuclear power stations 426 .Chernobyl disaster (1986) 429 .Fukushima Daiichi disaster (2011) 431 .Alexander Litvinenko (2006) 434 .Radioactive emissions from non ]reactor sources 435 .Background radioactivity 436 .Where do radioisotopes go in the body and what .effects do they have? 437 .Radioactivity in food 439 .Measuring radioactivity in food 440 .Liquid scintillation counting 443 .Is there a safe radioactivity exposure level? 447 .Take home messages 450 .Further reading 450 .18 Food Supplements 452 .Introduction 452 .Nomenclature 453 .Types of food supplements 453 .Herbal remedies 453 .Herbal remedies: The final word 461 .Homeopathy 463 .Amino acids and proteins 464 .Vitamins 465 .Dietary elements (minerals) 466 .Essential fatty acids 468 .Fish oil supplements 471 .Bodybuilding supplements 472 .Food and health the development of food supplements 474 .Synthesis of vitamin C 474 .Definition of a medicine and approval for marketing 474 .Food supplements are regulated as foods 475 .Do food supplements have health benefits? 476 .Are food supplements necessary? 476 .Questionable marketing claims for food supplements 478 .Changes in regulation of food supplements 478 .When is a food a medicine? 480 .What is a medicinal claim? 481 .Take home messages 483 .Further reading 483 .19 Food Terrorism 484 .Introduction 484 .What is a terrorist act? 484 .The terrorist threat 485 .Pharmaceutical terrorism 485 .Tamper ]proof packaging 485 .Food extortion 486 .Razor blades, pins, caustic soda and slivers of glass in baby food 486 .Tamper ]proof packaging for baby food 486 .The New Zealand botulinum toxin in milk threat (2013) 486 .New Zealand 1080 in infant formula threat (2014) 487 .What is 1080? 488 .Political issues underpinning the 1080 threat 489 .The 1080 threat unfolds 489 .The Wisconsin (US) chlordane incident (1996) 490 .Biological agents in food terrorism 492 .1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 492 .Is food terrorism a significant threat? 493 .The WHO s response to the risk of food terrorism 493 .Preventing food terrorism 494 .Dealing with a food terrorism event 495 .Take home messages 496 .Further reading 497 .20 Food Authenticity 498 .Introduction 498 .Food fraud 499 .Ma nuka honey 499 .Ma nuka honey authenticity 501 .Australian ma nuka honey 502 .Fake ma nuka honey prosecution 502 .Olive oil authenticity 502 .Composition of olive oil compared with other vegetable oils 503 .Free fatty acids versus total fatty acids 503 .Using fatty acids to authenticate olive oils 503 .Pheophytins and pyropheophytins 505 .Sensory tests 505 .Italian olive oil scandal 507 .Toxic oil syndrome, Spain (1981) 508 .Analytical methods 510 .Gas liquid chromatography 510 .High performance liquid chromatography 511 .Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 514 .The use of NMR to check instant coffee authenticity 515 .Isotopic ratios 515 .Isotopic ratio mass spectrometry 516 .Orange juice adulteration 517 .Animal products 518 .Immunological species identification in food 519 .Using DNA technology to identify animal species in food 519 .Policing food authenticity 520 .Operation OPSON 520 .The European horsemeat scandal (2013) 522 .Food authenticity legislation 522 .Food fraud, humane farming and environmental awareness 526 .New Zealand free ]range egg fraud (2010 2011) 526 .Food fraud in the US 527 .Traceability 527 .Genetically modified organisms and traceability 529 .Take home messages 530 .Further reading 530 .Index 531 .
- ISBN: 978-1-119-13366-7
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Rústica
- Páginas: 568
- Fecha Publicación: 23/02/2018
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés