Urban Tree Management: For the Sustainable Development of Green Cities

Urban tree management is the key basis for greener cities of the future. It is a practical discipline which includes tree selection, planting, care and protection and the overall management of trees as a collective resource. Urban Tree Management aims to raise awareness for the positive impacts and benefits of city trees and for their importance to city dwellers. It describes their advantages and details their effects on quality of urban life and well–being aspects that are increasingly important in these times of progressing urbanisation. With this book you will learn: fundamentals, methods and tools of urban tree management state of the art in the fields of urban forestry and tree biology positive effects and uses of urban trees features, requirements and selection criteria for urban trees conditions and problems of urban trees governance and management aspects environmental education programs. Edited by the leading expert Dr Andreas Roloff, Urban Tree Management is an excellent resource for plant scientists, horticulturists, dendrologists, arborists and arboriculturists, forestry scientists, city planners, parks department specialists and landscape architects. It will be an essential addition to all students and libraries where such subjects are taught. INDICE: List of contributors, xiii.1 Intro: Urban trees Importance, benefits, problems, 1.Andreas Roloff.1.1 Introduction, 1.1.2 Aesthetics, sensory impressions, 1.1.3 Psychology, well ]being, health, 3.1.4 Environmental education, ecology, 9.1.5 Orientation, spacious ordering, architecture, 9.1.6 Protection, quality of life, 9.1.7 Food/diet, healing powers, 11.1.8 Utilization of trees, 11.1.9 Economic and social advantages, 11.1.10 Issues, 12.1.11 Conclusion, 13.References, 13.2 Urban trees: Features and requirements, 15.Andreas Roloff.2.1 Urban tree site categories, 15.2.2 Special conditions for urban trees, 15.2.3 Requirements and selection criteria, 15.2.4 Conclusions, 19.References, 19.3 Fundamentals of tree biology for urban trees, 20.Doris Krabel.3.1 Morphological and anatomical features, 20.3.1.1 Trunk, 20.3.1.2 Roots, 22.3.1.3 Mycorrhizae, 24.3.1.4 Secondary growth, 25.3.1.5 Periderm and bark, 27.3.2 Tree growth and growth reactions, 28.3.2.1 Photosynthesis the fundamental growth process, 28.3.2.2 The role of water, 29.3.2.3 Seasonal dynamics, 30.3.2.4 Wound reactions, 31.3.3 Conclusions, 33.References, 34.4 Urban tree roots: Problems and peculiarities, 36.Sandra Korn.4.1 Damages to and influences on the root system of urban trees, 36.4.1.1 Site conditions, 36.4.1.2 Human activity, 37.4.1.3 Construction sites, 39.4.2 Damage caused by the root system of urban trees, 41.4.3 Precautions/preventing damage, 43.4.4 Conclusions, 44.References, 45.5 Drought stress: Adaptation strategies, 47.Sandra Korn.5.1 What is stress? Stress concepts, 47.5.2 Stress responses, 47.5.2.1 Adaptation to drought stress stress escape, 48.5.2.2 Adaptation to drought stress stress resistance by avoidance, 49.5.2.3 Adaptation to drought stress stress resistance by tolerance, 51.5.3 Identifying tree species adapted to stress, 53.5.3.1 Responses and adaptations to drought stress, 53.5.3.2 Identifying suitable tree species, 53.5.4 Conclusions, 56.References, 56.6 Aspects of urban tree pathology, 58.Rolf Kehr.6.1 Definitions, terms and concepts, 58.6.2 Abiotic damage and disorders, 59.6.3 Virus diseases, 61.6.4 Diseases caused by bacteria and other prokaryotes, 61.6.5 Diseases caused by oomycetes, 64.6.6 Fungal diseases, 65.6.6.1 Systemic fungal infections, 65.6.6.2 Leaf and needle diseases, 67.6.6.3 Shoot and stem diseases and cankers, 68.6.6.4 Rust diseases, 70.6.6.5 Root diseases, 70.6.6.6 Wood decay, 71.6.7 Parasitic plants, 72.6.8 Plant ]parasitic nematodes and insect pests, 73.6.9 Damage by herbivorous mammals, 76.6.10 Impact of introduced pests and diseases, 76.6.11 Aspects of control methods for pests and diseases of urban trees, 76.6.12 Conclusions, 77.References, 77.7 Vitality assessment, tree architecture, 82.Andreas Roloff.7.1 Introduction, 82.7.2 Decline and stress symptoms of tree crowns: leaf loss vs. crown structure, 82.7.3 Tree architecture and reiterations, 83.7.3.1 Architectural models, 83.7.3.2 Reiterations, 85.7.4 Changes in the crown structure with decreasing vitality, 87.7.4.1 Shoot morphology: shoot base scars, short ] and long ]shoots, 87.7.4.2 Model of growth stages, 88.7.4.3 Vitality classes, 90.7.4.4 Vitality and tree life expectancy, 92.7.5 Conclusions, 94.References, 94.8 Body language of trees, tree diagnostics, 95.Andreas Roloff.8.1 Terms and definition, 95.8.2 Adaptation and optimization in trees, 95.8.3 Examples and explanation: branches, trunk/bark, roots, 96.8.3.1 Branch ]shedding collar, 96.8.3.2 Hazard beams, 97.8.3.3 Bottle butts, 98.8.3.4 Forked trees, 98.8.3.5 Nose ]like ribs on forked trees, 99.8.3.6 Sunburn, 99.8.3.7 Stem crack, 100.8.3.8 Longitudinal splitting, 100.8.3.9 Knobs and nodules, 100.8.3.10 Bark stripes on ribs, 102.8.3.11 Supply shadow, 103.8.3.12 Elephant s foot, 103.8.3.13 Hollow trunks, 104.8.3.14 Crown/root relationship, 104.8.3.15 Root symphysis, 105.8.3.16 Tension roots on slopes, 105.8.3.17 Covered root collars, 106.8.3.18 Root collar strangling, 107.8.3.19 Sealing of the root area, 107.8.3.20 Inner roots, 108.8.3.21 Adventitious roots, 108.8.4 Conclusions, 109.References, 110.9 Tree inventory, risk assessment and management, 111.Steffen Rust.9.1 Introduction, 111.9.2 Tree inventory, 112.9.2.1 Inventory parameters, 112.9.2.2 Technology, 112.9.3 Tree risk assessment, 113.9.3.1 Terms and concepts, 113.9.3.2 Visual assessment, 115.9.3.3 Advanced assessment, 122.9.3.4 Risk categorization and reporting, 130.9.4 Conclusions, 132.References, 132.10 Tree preservation, maintenance and repair, 135.Steffen Rust.10.1 Introduction, 135.10.2 Preserving existing trees during development, 135.10.2.1 Tree constraints plan, 136.10.2.2 Tree survey, 136.10.2.3 Root protection area, 138.10.2.4 Tree Protection Plan, 138.10.2.5 Arboricultural method statement, 138.10.2.6 Pre ]development treatments, 139.10.3 Maintenance of planted and established trees, 139.10.3.1 Physical support, 139.10.3.2 Protection against collisions, 143.10.3.3 Solar radiation, 144.10.3.4 Wound treatment, 144.10.3.5 Water management, 144.10.3.6 Mulching, 146.10.3.7 Mycorrhizae, 148.10.3.8 Soil compaction, 148.10.3.9 De ]icing salt, 150.10.3.10 Pruning to mitigate risk, 150.10.3.11 Ancient and veteran trees, 151.10.3.12 Precautionary measures, 151.10.4 Conclusions, 152.References, 153.11 Tree pruning: Methods and parameters, 154.Ulrich Pietzarka.11.1 Introduction, 154.11.2 Consequences of pruning, 154.11.3 Important parameters, 157.11.4 The pruning system, 160.11.4.1 Palms, 162.11.5 Intensity of pruning, 164.11.6 Date of pruning, 165.11.6.1 Reduction of assimilates and reserves, 166.11.6.2 Species and nature conservation, 167.11.6.3 Hazard of fungal infestation, 167.11.6.4 Risk of sunburn, 167.11.6.5 Severe frost, 167.11.6.6 Visibility, 167.11.7 Conclusion, 168.References, 168.12 Transplanting large trees, 169.Ulrich Pietzarka.12.1 Introduction, 169.12.2 Definitions, tasks, decisions, 169.12.3 Preparation, 172.12.4 Transplantation practices, 173.12.5 Post ]planting care, 175.12.6 Conclusion, 175.References, 175.13 Dust and noise reduction, 177.Britt Kniesel.13.1 Dust, 177.13.1.1 Dust definition and origins, 177.13.1.2 Interaction between dust particles and vegetation, 177.13.1.3 Planting design, 180.13.2 Noise, 180.13.2.1 Noise control, 180.13.2.2 Noise attenuation by vegetation, 180.13.2.3 Planting design, 182.13.3 Conclusions, 183.References, 183.14 Invasive species, indigenous vs. alien dendroflora, 185.Matthias Meyer.14.1 Introduction, 185.14.2 Floristic statuses important definitions for urban dendroflora, 185.14.2.1 Indigenous vs. alien , 186.14.2.2 Casual and naturalized vs. invasive , 187.14.3 Invasibility of habitats and invasiveness of dendroflora.in urban landscapes, 188.14.4 Arguments pro or contra alien woody species and risk assessment, 189.14.5 The example of the tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), 190.14.6 Prevention and control measures against invasive woody.species or tree weeds, 191.14.7 Conclusions, 193.References, 193.15 Criteria for species selection: Development of a database for urban trees, 196.Sten Gillner, Mathias Hofmann, Andreas Tharang and Juliane Vogt.15.1 Introduction, 196.15.2 Species description, growth conditions, and risks related.to species use, 198.15.2.1 Data pool and nomenclature, 198.15.2.2 Literature review and evaluation, 198.15.2.3 Structure of the database, 199.15.3 Urban Tree Location Categorization, 199.15.3.1 Urban tree location types, 202.15.3.2 Specific demographic groups, 204.15.4 Psychological aspects of the database, 205.15.4.1 User ]based urban green space categorization, 205.15.4.2 Tree perception and tree preferences, 206.15.5 Application possibilities and limitation of use, 207.15.6 Conclusions, 208.References, 209.16 Genetic aspects, 211.Doris Krabel.16.1 The problem of trees from a genetic point of view, 211.16.2 Diversity, monoculture, variety and clones some general comments, 214.16.3 The risk of missing diversity, 215.16.4 Genetic diversity as an element of design and planning in urban spaces, 217.16.5 Conclusions, 219.References, 219.17 Governance in urban forestry, 221.Jürgen Pretzsch.17.1 Introduction: challenges and need for action, 221.17.2 Objectives and definitions, 221.17.2.1 Objectives, 221.17.2.2 Definitions, 222.17.3 Diagnosis and conceptual framework, 222.17.3.1 Socio ]ecological co ]evolution model for urban forestry, 222.17.3.2 Historical development of urban forestry governance, 223.17.3.3 Increasing complexity and paradigm change, 224.17.3.4 Stakeholder analysis and differentiation in participant groups, 225.17.3.5 Assessment by the livelihood framework, 226.17.4 Governance models for urban forestry, 227.17.4.1 Introduction to urban forestry governance models, 227.17.4.2 Public administration: changing functions and diversification, 227.17.4.3 Public ]private partnerships, 228.17.4.4 Governance based on private urban forestry, 228.17.4.5 Donations, 228.17.4.6 Allotment gardens, 228.17.4.7 Neighborhood groups and collective gardening, 230.17.5 Lessons learned for the future development of urban forestry, 230.17.5.1 Paradigm change, 230.17.5.2 Chances and limits of collective action in urban forestry, 231.17.5.3 Exclusion and conflict management, 231.17.5.4 Adaptive management, 231.17.5.5 Forthcoming steps in practice and research, 232.17.6 Conclusions, 232.References, 234.18 Allotment gardens and privately managed green.space in urban environment, 236.Eckhard Auch.18.1 Introduction, 236.18.2 Some definitions, 236.18.2.1 Green space as urban soft infrastructure, 236.18.2.2 Urban gardening vs. urban horticulture, agriculture.and agroforestry, 237.18.3 Urban gardens, 237.18.3.1 Generic types of urban gardens, 237.18.3.2 Urban gardens in history, 238.18.3.3 Urban gardens for the disadvantaged in the 20th Century, 239.18.4 Function and benefits/services of trees and gardens in urban contexts, 241.18.5 Recent forms of urban gardening in the global North and global South, 242.18.5.1 Factors facilitating the emergence, 242.18.5.2 Newer urban garden forms (selection), 243.18.6 Conclusions, 245.References, 245.19 Urban woods for relaxation and inspiration, 247.Eckhard Auch, Hubertus Pohris and Markus Biernath.19.1 Introduction, 247.19.2 Some definitions, 247.19.3 Forest ecosystem functions and services, 248.19.4 Changing demands on urban and peri ]urban forests   the case of Dresden, 251.19.4.1 Change in forest functions, 251.19.4.2 Functional transformation of the Dresdner Heide forest, with focus on.recreation, 251.19.5 Urban forestry and silviculture, 254.19.5.1 Urban forests as recreational resource, 254.19.5.2 Silvicultural operations for recreational resources, 254.19.6 Silvicultural specifics of urban and peri ]urban forest management, 256.19.7 Conclusions, 259.References, 259.20 Acceptance for urban trees: Environmental education programs, 262.Ulrich Pietzarka.20.1 Introduction, 262.20.2 Education for sustainable development, 262.20.3 Features of successful education programs, 264.20.3.1 Specific to target groups, 264.20.3.2 Inviting, 266.20.3.3 Focused, 266.20.3.4 Relevant, 267.20.3.5 Active, 267.20.3.6 Entertaining, 268.20.4 The search for professional partners, 268.20.5 Conclusions, 269.References, 270.Index, 271

• ISBN: 978-1-118-95458-4
• Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
• Encuadernacion: Rústica
• Páginas: 288
• Fecha Publicación: 29/01/2016
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés