Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology

Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology goes beyond a mere review of current literature and features the most up to date contributions from numerous scientists working in the field. The book represents a groundbreaking and comprehensive resource covering the plethora of applications of micromorphology in archaeology. Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology offers researchers, students and professionals a systematic tool for the interpretation of thin sections of archaeological contexts. This important resource is also designed to help stimulate the use of micromorphology in archaeology outside Europe, where the technique is less frequently employed. Moreover, the authors hope to strengthen the proper application of soil micromorphology in archaeology, by illustrating its possibilities and referring in several cases to more specialized publications (for instance in the field of plant remains, pottery and phytoliths).  Written for anyone interested in the topic, this important text offers: Contributions from most of the world?s leading authorities on soil micromorphology A series of chapters on the major topics selected among the most recurrent in literature about archaeological soil micromorphology Systematic descriptions of all important micromorphological features Special analytical tools employed on thin sections, such as SEM/EDS, image analysis, fluorescence microscopy, mass spectrometry, among others Numerous cross–references 400 illustrated full–colour plates The resource provides the most current and essential information for archaeologists, geoarchaeologists, soil scientists and sedimentologists. Comprehensive in scope, Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology offers professionals and students a much–needed tool for the interpretation of thin sections of archaeological contexts. INDICE: Contributors xiii .Referees xvii .Abbreviations xix .Introduction 1Georges Stoops and Cristiano Nicosia .I.1 Aims and Structure of the Book 1 .I.2 Definition and History of Soil Micromorphology 1 .I.3 Micromorphology and Archaeology 2 .I.4 Use of Micromorphology in Geoarchaeology 2 .I.5 Techniques 4 .I.6 Concluding .Remarks 5 .References 5 .Part I: Inclusions in Archaeological Soils and Sediments 9 .1 Bone and Other Skeletal Tissues 11Ximena S. Villagran, Dirk J. Huisman, Susan M. Mentzer, Christopher E. Miller and Miranda M. Jans .1.1 Introduction 11 .1.2 Micromorphology 11 .1.3 Taphonomy of Bone 20 .1.4 Guidelines for Micromorphological Analysis 32 .References 33 .2 Avian Eggshell 39Matthew G. Canti .2.1 Introduction 39 .2.2 Biological Characteristics 39 .2.3 Optical and Morphological Properties 39 .2.4 Examples 39 .2.5 Conclusions 39 .References 41 .3 Mollusc Shell 43Matthew G. Canti .3.1 Biological Characteristics 43 .3.2 Optical and Morphological Properties 43 .3.3 Examples 43 .3.4 Conclusions 46 .References 46 .4 Biospheroids Produced by Earthworms 47Matthew G. Canti .4.1 Introduction 47 .4.2 Morphological and Optical Characteristics 47 .4.3 Preservation Potential 47 .4.4 Archaeological .Examples 47 .4.5 Arion Granules 49 .References 49 .5 Faecal Spherulites 51Matthew G. Canti and Jacques Élie Brochier .5.1 Introduction 51 .5.2 Biological Characteristics 51 .5.3 Optical Characteristics 51 .5.4 Preservation Potential 53 .5.5 Archaeological .Examples 53 .References 54 .6 Excrements of Herbivores 55David Brönnimann, Kristin Ismail Meyer, Philippe Rentzel, Christine Pümpin and Lenka Lisá .6.1 Introduction 55 .6.2 Micromorphology 55 .6.3 Taphonomy 60 .References 63 .7 Excrements of Omnivores and Carnivores 67David Brönnimann, Christine Pümpin, Kristin Ismail Meyer, Philippe Rentzel and Natalia Égüez .7.1 Introduction 67 .7.2 Excrements of Omnivores 67 .7.3 Excrements of Carnivores 69 .7.4 Human Excrements 75 .7.5 Future .Research 77 .References 78 .8 Guano 83Panagiotis Karkanas .8.1 Introduction 83 .8.2 Micromorphology 83 .8.3 Archaeological Implications 86 .8.4 Future Prospects 87 .References 87 .9 Ova of Intestinal Parasites 91Christine Pümpin, Matthieu Le Bailly and Sandra Pichler .9.1 Introduction 91 .9.2 Characteristics of Specific Parasite Eggs 91 .9.3 Limitations of the Study of Helminth Eggs in Micromorphological Thin Sections 94 .9.4 Conclusion 96 .References 96 .10 Earth Construction Materials 99David E. Friesem, Julia Wattez and Marylise Onfray .10.1 Introduction 99 .10.2 Mud .Bricks 99 .10.3 Cob 102 .10.4 Wattle and Daub 104 .10.5 Conclusion 106 .References 107 .11 Laterite as Construction Material 111Georges Stoops .References 112 .12 Turf as Construction Material 113Dirk J. Huisman and Karen B. Milek .12.1 Introduction 113 .12.2 Micromorphology 114 .References 118 .13 Plant Remains 121Kristin Ismail Meyer .13.1 Introduction 121 .13.2 Micromorphology 122 .13.3 Future Prospects 130 .References 133 .14 Chaff 137Cristiano Nicosia and Matthew G. Canti .14.1 Introduction 137 .14.2 Micromorphology 137 .14.3 Conclusion 139 .References 139 .15 Charred Plant Remains 141Matthew G. Canti .References 142 .16 Coal 143Matthew G. Canti .16.1 Introduction 143 .16.2 Types of Coal (after Read 1971) 143 .16.3 Optical and Morphological Properties 143 .16.4 Alteration of Coal by Burning 144 .16.5 Archaeological Examples 144 .16.6 Conclusions 145 .References 145 .17 Plant Ash 147Natthew G. Canti and Jacques Élie Brochier .17.1 Introduction 147 .17.2 Micromorphology 147 .17.3 Ash Taphonomy 152 .References 153 .18 Opal Phytoliths 155Luc Vrydaghs, Yannick Devos and Ákos Pet .18.1 Introduction 155 .18.2 Micromorphology 155 .18.3 Brief .Review of Previous Micromorphological Studies Reporting Phytoliths 157 .18.4 Deposition and Accumulation in Archaeological Units 157 .References 160 .19 Siliceous Microfossils from Single Celled Organisms: Diatoms and Chrysophycean Stomatocysts 165Elie Verleyen, Koen Sabbe, Wim Vyverman and Cristiano Nicosia .19.1 Introduction 165 .19.2 Habitat Preferences of Diatoms and Chrysophycean Cysts 165 .19.3 Identification of Siliceous Microfossils produced by Single Celled Organisms 165 .19.4 Siliceous Microfossils from Single Celled Organisms in Archaeological Soil Micromorphology 168 .References 168 .20 Opal Sponge Spicules 171Luc Vrydaghs .20.1 Introduction 171 .20.2 Micromorphology 171 .References 172 .21 Burnt Soils and Sediments 173Astrid Röpke and Carlo Dietl .21.1 Introduction 173 .21.2 Physical,Chemical, Mineralogical and Micromorphological Changes 173 .21.3 Experiments at Different Temperature Regimes 175 .21.4 Conclusion 177 .References 178 .22 Burnt Carbonates 181Matthew G. Canti .22.1 Introduction 181 .22.2 Thermal Diagenesis of Carbonate Materials 181 .22.3 Carbonate Materials from Different Temperature Regimes 181 .22.4 Archaeological Examples 183 .22.5 Conclusions 183 .References 188 .23 Calcareous Mortars, Plasters and Floors 189Georges Stoops, Matthew G. Canti and Selim Kapur .23.1 Introduction 189 .23.2 Micromorphology 189 .23.3 Alteration of Mortars and Plasters 196 .23.4 Conclusion 197 .References 197 .24 Gypsic Mortars and Plasters 201Georges Stoops, Alexander Tsatskin and Matthew G. Canti .24.1 Introduction 201 .24.2 Micromorphology 201 .24.3 Alteration 203 .24.4 Conclusion 203 .References 204 .25 Ceramic Materials 205Lara Maritan .25.1 Introduction 205 .25.2 Micromorphology 205 .25.3 Conclusion 210 .References 210 .26 Metals and Metalworking Residues 213Ivana Angelini, Gilberto Artioli and Cristiano Nicosia .26.1 Introduction 213 .26.2 Micromorphology 214 .26.3 Conclusions 220 .References 221 .27 Lithic Artefacts 223Diego E. Angelucci .27.1 Introduction 223 .27.2 Micromorphology 224 .27.3 Discussion 226 .References 229 .Part II Current Topics in Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology 231 .28 Soils Disturbed by Vegetation Clearance and Tillage 233Judit Deák, Anne Gebhardt, Helen Lewis, Maria Raimonda Usai, and Heejin Lee .28.1 Introduction 233 .28.2 Micromorphological Features related to Vegetation Clearance by Fire 235 .28.3 Micromorphological Features Indicative of Bare Surfaces 238 .28.4 Micromorphology of Structural and Textural Features Revealing the use of Implements 247 .28.5 Final Remarks 259 .References 259 .29 Animal Gathering Enclosures 265Ruth Shahack Gross .29.1 Introduction 265 .29.2 Organic Rich Dung Deposits 267 .29.3 Organic Poor Dung Deposits 270 .29.4 Conclusion 275 .References 279 .30 Trampling, Poaching and the Effect of Traffic 281Philippe Rentzel, Cristiano Nicosia, Anne Gebhardt, David Brönnimann, Christine Pümpin and Kristin Ismail Meyer .30.1 Introduction 281 .30.2 Trampling 281 .30.3 Poaching 286 .30.4 Traffic 287 .30.5 Experimentally Trampled Sediments and Surfaces 287 .30.6 Conclusion 293 .References 295 .31 Combustion Features 299Carolina Mallol, Susan M. Mentzer and Christopher E. Miller .31.1 Introduction 299 .31.2 Classification of Combustion Features 300 .31.3 Analytical Strategy 300 .31.4 Common Microscopic Products of Combustion 300 .31.5 Stratigraphy, Fabric and Classification of Intact Combustion Structures 301 .31.6 Stratigraphy and Fabric of Physically Reworked Combustion Structures 315 .31.7 Microscopic Evidence for Chemical Diagenesis of Intact and Reworked Combustion Structures 320 .31.8 Synthesis 322 .31.9 Conclusion 324 .References 326 .32 European Dark Earth 331Cristiano Nicosia, Yannick Devos, and Richard I. Macphail .32.1 Introduction 331 .32.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedures 331 .32.3 Features Associated with Natural Formation Processes 332 .32.4 Features Associated with Human Activities 336 .32.5 Concluding Remarks 339 .References 340 .33 Amazonian Dark Earths 345Manuel Arroyo Kalin .33.1 Introduction 345 .33.2 Sampling Considerations 347 .33.3 Soil Micromorphology of ADEs 348 .34.4 Conclusions 352 .References 354 .34 Cave and Rock Shelter Sediments 359Carolina Mallol and Paul Goldberg .34.1 Introduction 359 .34.2 Common Microfabrics from Rock Shelter and Cave Sites 360 .34.3 Conclusion 375 .References 377 .Part III Additional Techniques 383 .35 Sampling for Soil Micromorphology 385Georges Stoops and Cristiano Nicosia .35.1 Introduction 385 .35.2 Sampling Strategy 385 .35.3 Taking Samples in the Field 386 .35.4 Labelling 389 .35.5 Transport and Preservation 390 .References 391 .36 Fluorescence Microscopy 393Georges Stoops .36.1 Principles of the Analytical Method 393 .36.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedure 393 .36.3 Applications in Archaeology 395 .36.4 Concluding .Remarks 396 .References 396 .37 Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) 399Lisa Marie Shillito .37.1 Principles of the Analytical Method 399 .37.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedure 399 .37.3 Archaeological Applications 401 .References 401 .38 Isotope Mass Spectrometry (On Microdrilled Powders) 403Susan M. Mentzer .38.1 Principles of the Analytical Method 403 .38.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedure 404 .38.3 Archaeological Applications 405 .38.4 Concluding .Remarks 408 .References 408 .39 FTIR Microscopy 411Francesco Berna .39.1 Principles of the Analytical Method 411 .39.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedure 411 .39.3 Archaeological Applications 412 .References 414 .40 X ray Microdiffraction 417Christoph Berthold and Susan M. Mentzer .40.1 Fundamentals of X ray Diffraction 417 .40.2 XRD Instrumentation 417 .40.3 Output and Analysis 421 .40.4 Applications to Archaeological Micromorphology Samples 422 .40.5 Concluding .Remarks 427 .References 427 .41 Micro XRF 431Susan M. Mentzer .41.1 Principles of the Analytical Method 431 .41.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedure 432 .41.3 Archaeological Applications 435 .41.4 Concluding .Remarks 438 .References 438 .42 Micro CT Scanning 441Dominique J.M. Ngan Tillard and Dirk J. Huisman .42.1 Principles of the Analytical Method 441 .42.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedures 442 .42.3 Archaeological Applications 444 .42.4 Concluding Remarks 446 .References 447 .43 Electron Probe X ray Microanalysis (SEM EPMA) Techniques 451Clare A. Wilson .43.1 Principles of the Techniques 451 .43.2 Sample Preparation and Analysis 451 .43.3 Archaeological Applications 453 .References 457 .44 Reflected Light 461Bertrand Ligouis .44.1 Principles of the Analytical Method 461 .44.2 Sampling and Analytical Procedure 461 .44.3 Archaeological Applications 465 .References 469 .Index 471

• ISBN: 978-1-118-94105-8
• Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 496
• Fecha Publicación: 06/10/2017
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés