Turbulent drag reduction by surfactant additives

Turbulent drag reduction by additives has long been a hot research topic. This phenomenon is inherently associated with multifold expertise. Solutions of drag-reducing additives are usually viscoelastic fluids having complicated rheological properties. Exploring the characteristics of drag-reduced turbulent flows calls for uniquely designed experimental and numerical simulation techniques and elaborate theoretical considerations. Pertinently understanding the turbulent drag reduction mechanism necessities mastering the fundamentals of turbulence and establishing a proper relationship between turbulence and the rheological properties induced by additives. Promoting the applications of the dragreduction phenomenon requires the knowledge from different fields such as chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, municipal engineering, and so on. This book gives a thorough elucidation of the turbulence characteristics and rheological behaviors, theories, special techniques and application issues for drag-reducing flows by surfactant additives based on the state-of-the-art of scientific research results through the latest experimental studies, numerical simulations and theoretical analyses.  Covers turbulent drag reduction, heat transfer reduction, complex rheology and the real-world applications of drag reductionIntroduces advanced testing techniques, such as PIV, LDA, and their applications in current experiments, illustrated with multiple diagrams and equationsReal-world examples of the topic’s increasingly important industrial applications enable readers to implement cost- and energy-saving measuresExplains the tools before presenting the research results, to give readers coverage of the subject from both theoretical and experimental viewpointsConsolidates interdisciplinary information on turbulent drag reduction by additivesTurbulent Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives is geared for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the fields of Fluid Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering,Turbulence, Chemical Engineering, Municipal Engineering. Researchers and practitioners involved in the fields of Flow Control, Chemistry, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Experimental Fluid Dynamics, and Rheology will also find this book to be a much-needed reference on the topic. INDICE: Preface ix1 Introduction 11.1 Background 11.2 Surfactant Solution 41.2.1 Anionic Surfactant 61.2.2 Cationic Surfactant 61.2.3 Nonionic Surfactant 71.2.4 Amphoteric Surfactant 71.2.5 Zwitterionic Surfactant 71.3 Mechanism and Theory of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives 81.3.1 Explanations of theTurbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint of Microstructures 81.3.2 Explanations of the Turbulent DR Mechanism from the Viewpoint of the Physics of Turbulence 101.4 Application Techniques of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives 141.4.1 Heat Transfer Reduction of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow 151.4.2 DiameterEffect of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow 151.4.3 Toxic Effect of Cationic Surfactant Solution 151.4.4 Chemical Stability of Surfactant Solution 151.4.5 Corrosion of Surfactant Solution 16References 162 Drag Reduction and Heat TransferReduction Characteristics of Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution Flow 192.1 Fundamental Concepts of Turbulent Drag Reduction 192.2 Characteristics of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives and Its Influencing Factors 222.2.1 Characteristics of Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives 232.2.2 Influencing Factors ofDrag Reduction by Surfactant Additives 272.3 The Diameter Effect of Surfactant Drag-reducing Flow and Scale-up Methods 312.3.1 The Diameter Effect and Its Influence 312.3.2 Scale-up Methods 322.3.3 Evaluation of Different Scale-up Methods 432.4 Heat Transfer Characteristics of Drag-reducing Surfactant Solutionm Flow and Its Enhancement Methods 472.4.1 Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics of Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution Flow 472.4.2 Heat Transfer Enhancement Methods for Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution Flows 50References 593 Turbulence Structures in Drag-Reducing Surfactant Solution Flow 633.1 Measurement Techniques for Turbulence Structures in Drag-Reducing Flow 643.1.1 Laser Doppler Velocimetry 643.1.2 PIV 663.2 Statistical Characteristics of Velocity and Temperature Fields in Drag-reducing Flow 683.2.1 Distribution of Averaged Quantities 693.2.2 Distribution of Fluctuation Intensities 743.2.3 Correlation Analyses of Fluctuating Quantities 773.2.4 Spectrum Analyses of Fluctuating Quantities 783.3 Characteristics of TurbulentVortex Structures in Drag-reducing Flow 833.3.1 Identification Method of Turbulent Vortex by Swirling Strength 843.3.2Distribution Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex in the x-y Plane 853.3.3 Distribution Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex in the y-z Plane 873.3.4 Distribution Characteristics of Turbulent Vortex in the x-z Plane 903.4 Reynolds Shear Stress and Wall-Normal Turbulent Heat Flux 96References 1004 Numerical Simulation of Surfactant Drag Reduction 1034.1 Direct Numerical Simulation of Drag-reducing Flow 1044.1.1 A Mathematical Model of Drag-reducing Flow 1044.1.2 TheDNS Method of Drag-reducing Flow 1094.2 RANS of Drag-reducing Flow 1114.3 Governing Equation and DNS Method of Drag-reducing Flow 1144.3.1 Governing Equation 1144.3.2 Numerical Method 1174.4 DNS Results and Discussion for Drag-reducing Flow and Heat Transfer 1224.4.1 The Overall Study on Surfactant Drag Reduction and Heat Transfer by DNS 1224.4.2 The Rheological Parameter Effect of DNS on Surfactant Drag Reduction 1604.4.3 DNS with the Bilayer Model of Flows withNewtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluid Coexistence 1734.5 Conclusion and Future Work 178References 1795 Microstructures and Rheological Properties of SurfactantSolution 1835.1 Microstructures in Surfactant Solution andIts Visualization Methods 1835.1.1 Microstructures in Surfactant Solution 1835.1.2 Visualization Methods for Microstructures in Surfactant Solution 1875.2 Rheology and Measurement Methods of Surfactant Solution 1895.2.1 Rheological Parameters 1905.2.2 Measurement Method of Rheological Parameters 1945.2.3 Rheological Characteristics of Dilute Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution 2005.3 Factors Affecting the Rheological Characteristics of SurfactantSolution 2075.3.1 Surfactant Concentration 2075.3.2 Temperature 2085.3.3 Type of Surfactant 2085.4 Characterization of Viscoelasticity of Drag-reducing Surfactant Solution by Using Free Surface Swirling Flow 2095.5 Molecular and Brownian Dynamics Simulations of SurfactantSolution 2165.5.1 Brief Introduction of Simulation Methods 2165.5.2 Brownian Dynamics Simulation by Using a WK Potential 221References 2316 Application Techniques for Drag Reduction by Surfactant Additives 2336.1 Problems That Need to Be Solved in Engineering Applications 2336.1.1 Influencing Factors of Drag-reducing Surfactant Additives on the Heat Transfer Performance of Heat Exchangersand Its Counter-measures 2346.1.2 Influences of Drag-reducing Surfactant Additives on the Environment 2356.1.3 Scale-up Problem 2366.2 Separation Techniques for Surfactant Solution 2376.2.1 Adsorption 2386.2.2 Ultrafiltration 2386.2.3 Reverse Osmosis 2396.3 Drag Reduction Stability of Surfactant Solutions 2396.3.1 Effect of Adsorption 2396.3.2 Effects of Fe(OH)3 2406.3.3 Effects of Cu(OH)2 2416.3.4 Recovery of Drag Reduction 2416.4 Applications of Surfactant DragReduction 2426.4.1 Application of Surfactant to Hydronic Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems 2426.4.2 Surfactant Selection in Actual Applications 251References 253Index 255

• ISBN: 978-1-118-18109-6
• Editorial: John Wiley & Sons
• Encuadernacion: Rústica
• Fecha Publicación: 03/04/2012
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés