Blinding as a Solution to Bias: Strengthening Biomedical Science, Forensic Science, and Law

What information should jurors have during court proceedings to render a just decision? Should politicians know who is donating money to their campaigns? Will scientists draw biased conclusions about drug efficacy when they know more about the patient or study population? The potential for bias in decision-making by physicians, lawyers, politicians, and scientists has been recognized for hundreds of years and drawn attention from media and scholars seeking to understand the role that conflicts of interests and other psychological processes play. However, commonly proposed solutions to biased decision-making, such as transparency (disclosing conflicts) or exclusion (avoiding conflicts) do not directly solve the underlying problem of bias and may have unintended consequences. Blinding As A Solution To Bias: Strengthening Biomedical Science, Forensic Science, and Law, Robertson and Kesselheim bring together a renowned group of interdisciplinary scholars to consider another way to reduce the risk of biased decision-making: blinding. What are the advantages and limitations of blinding?  How can we quantify the biases in unblinded research? Can we develop new ways to blind decision-makers?  What are the ethical problems with withholding information from decision-makers in the course of blinding?  How can blinding be adapted to legal and scientific procedures and in institutions not previously open to this approach? Fundamentally, these sorts of questions-about who needs to know what-open new doors of inquiry for the design of scientific research studies, regulatory institutions, and courts. The volume consists of three main parts, drawing upon leading authors who bring an exceedingly diverse range of skills and methodologies, including: forensic sciences, medicine, law, philosophy, economics, psychology, sociology and statistics. Introduces readers to the primary policy issue this book seeks to address: biased decision-making.Provides a focus on blinding as a solution to bias, which has applicability in many domains.  Traces the development of blinding as a solution to bias, and explores the different ways blinding has been employed.Includes case studies to explore particular uses of blinding for statisticians, radiologists, and fingerprint examiners, and whether the jurors and judges who rely upon them will value and understand blinding.  INDICE: BLINDING AND BIAS Chapter 1. A Primer on the Psychology of Cognitive Bias Chapter 2. Why Blinding:  The Failures of Disclosure and Professionalism  BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE Chapter 3. From Trials to Trials: Blinding, Medicine, and Honest Adjudication  Chapter 4. Blinding in Biomedical Research: An Essential Method to Reduce Risk of Bias Chapter 5. Clinical Trial Blinding in the Age of Social Media Chapter 6. The Ethics of Single-Blind Trials in Biomedicine Chapter 7. Money Blinding? as a Solution to Biased Design and Conduct of Scientific Research Chapter 8. Blind Review by Academic Journals FORENSIC SCIENCE:  CRIMINAL AND CIVIL Chapter 9. Rules of Relevance for Ancillary Experts Chapter 10. Minimizing and Leveraging Bias in Forensic Science Chapter 11. What Do Statisticians Really Need to Know, and When Do They Need to Know It? Chapter 12. Using Blind Reviews to Address Biases in Medical Malpractice Chapter 13. Mock Juror and Jury Assessment of Blinded Expert Witnesses Chapter 14. Disclosure Discretion and Selection Bias in Blinding of Experts BLINDING IN LEGAL INSTITUTIONS Chapter 15. Why Eyes? Cautionary Tales from Law's Blindfolded Justice Chapter 16. A Theory of Anonymity Chapter 17. The Cases for and Against Blindfolding the Jury Chapter 18. The Compliance Equation: Creating a More Ethical and Equitable Campaign Financing System by Blinding Contributions to Federal Candidates Chapter 19. Blinding Eyewitness Identifications Chapter 20. Blind Appointments in Arbitration Chapter 21. Blinded Judicial Disqualifications Chapter 22. Masking Information Source Within the Internal Revenue Service Chapter 23. Blinding the Law: The Potential Virtue of Legal Uncertainty

• ISBN: 978-0-12-802460-7
• Editorial: Academic Press
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 328
• Fecha Publicación: 01/03/2016
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés