Plant Biotechnology and Genetics: Principles, Techniques, and Applications

Focused on basics and processes, this textbook teaches plant biology and agriculture applications with summary and discussion questions in each chapter. Updates each chapter to reflect advances / changes since the first edition, for example: new biotechnology tools and advances, genomics and systems biology, intellectual property issues on DNA and patents, discussion of synthetic biology tools Features autobiographical essays from eminent scientists, providing insight into plant biotechnology and careers Has a companion website with color images from the book and PowerPoint slides Links with author?s own website that contains teaching slides and graphics for professors and students: plantsciences.utk.edu/pbg/ INDICE: Dedication .Preface .Foreword .1. The Impact of Biotechnology on Plant AgricultureGraham Brookes .1.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .1.0.1 Summary .1.0.2 Discussion Questions .1.1 Introduction .1.2 Cultivation of Biotechnology (GM) Crops .1.3 Why Farmers Use Biotech Crops .1.4 Gm s Effects on Crop Production and Farming .1.5 How the Adoption of Plant Biotechnology Has Impacted the Environment .1.5.1 Environmental Impacts from Changes in Insecticide and Herbicide Use .1.5.2 Impact on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions .1.6 Conclusions .References .2. Mendelian Genetics and Plant ReproductionMatthew D. Halfhill and Suzanne I. Warwick .2.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .2.0.1 Summary .2.0.2 Discussion Questions .2.1 Overview of Genetics .2.2 Mendelian Genetics .2.2.1 Law of Segregation .2.2.2 Law of Independent Assortment .2.3 Mitosis and Meiosis .2.3.1 Mitosis .2.3.2 Meiosis .2.3.3 Recombination .2.3.4 Cytogenetic Analysis .2.3.5 Mendelian Genetics and Biotechnology Summary .2.4 Plant Reproductive Biology .2.4.1 History of Research in Plant Reproduction .2.4.2 Mating Systems .2.4.3 Hybridization and Polyploidy .2.4.4 Mating Systems and Biotechnology Summary .2.5 Conclusion .References .3. Plant BreedingNicholas A. Tinker and Elroy R. Cober .3.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .3.0.1 Summary .3.0.2 Discussion Questions .3.1 Introduction .3.2 Central Concepts in Plant Breeding .3.2.1 Simple versus Complex Inheritance .3.2.2 Phenotype versus Genotype .3.2.3 Mating Systems, Varieties, Landraces, and Pure Lines .3.2.4 Other Topics in Population and Quantitative Genetics .3.2.5 The Value of a Plant Variety Depends on Many Traits .3.2.6 A Plant Variety Must Be Environmentally Adapted .3.2.7 Plant Breeding is a Numbers Game .3.2.8 Plant Breeding is an Iterative and Collaborative Process .3.2.9 Diversity, Adaptation, and Ideotypes .3.2.10 Other Considerations .3.3 Objectives in Plant Breeding .3.4 Methods of Plant Breeding .3.4.1 Methods of Hybridization .3.4.2 Self–Pollinated Species .3.4.3 Outcrossing Species .3.4.4 Clonally Propagated Species .3.5 Breeding Enhancements .3.5.1 Doubled Haploidy .3.5.2 Marker–Assisted Selection .3.5.3 Mutation Breeding .3.5.4 Apomixis .3.6 Conclusions .References .4. Plant Development and PhysiologyGlenda E. Gillaspy .4.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .4.0.1 Summary .4.0.2 Discussion Questions .4.1 Plant Anatomy and Morphology .4.2 Embryogenesis and Seed Germination .4.2.1 Gametogenesis .4.2.2 Fertilization .4.2.3 Fruit Development .4.2.4 Embryogenesis .4.2.5 Seed Germination .4.2.6 Photomorphogenesis .4.3 Meristems .4.3.1 Shoot Apical Meristem .4.3.2 Root Apical Meristem and Root Development .4.4 Leaf Development .4.4.1 Leaf Structure .4.4.2 Leaf Development Patterns .4.5 Flower Development .4.5.1 Floral Evocation .4.5.2 Floral Organ Identity and the ABC Model .4.6 Hormone Physiology and Signal Transduction .4.6.1 Seven Plant Hormones and Their Actions .4.6.2 Plant Hormone Signal Transduction .4.7 Conclusions .References .5. Tissue Culture: The Manipulation of Plant DevelopmentVinitha Cardoza .5.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .5.0.1 Summary .5.0.2 Discussion Questions .5.1 Introduction .5.2 History of Tissue Culture .5.3 Media and Culture Conditions .5.3.1 Basal Media .5.3.2 Growth Regulators .5.4 Sterile Technique .5.4.1 Clean Equipment .5.4.2 Surface Sterilization of Explants .5.5 Culture Conditions and Vessels .5.6 Culture Types and Their Uses .5.6.1 Callus and Somatic Embryo Culture .5.6.2 Cell Suspension Cultures .5.6.3 Anther/Microspore Culture .5.6.4 Protoplast Culture .5.6.5 Somatic Hybridization .5.6.6. Embryo Culture .5.6.7 Meristem Culture .5.7 Regeneration Methods of Plants in Culture .5.7.1 Organogenesis .5.7.2 Somatic Embryogenesis .5.7.3 Synthetic Seeds .5.8 Rooting of Shoots .5.9 Acclimation .5.10 Problems That Can Occur In Tissue Culture .5.10.1 Culture Contamination .5.10.2 Hyperhydricity .5.10.3 Browning of Explants .5.11 Conclusions .References .6. Molecular Genetics of Gene ExpressionMARIA GALLO and ALISON K. FLYNN .6.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .6.0.1 Summary .6.0.2 Discussion Questions .6.1 The Gene .6.1.1 DNA Coding for a Protein via the Gene .6.1.2 DNA as a Polynucleotide .6.2 DNA Packaging into Eukaryotic Chromosomes .6.3 Transcription .6.3.1 Transcription of DNA to Produce Messenger RNA (mRNA) .6.3.2 Transcription Factors .6.3.3 Coordinated Regulation of Gene Expression .6.3.4 Chromatin as an Important Regulator of Transcription .6.3.5 Regulation of Gene Expression by DNA Methylation .6.3.6 RNA–Directed Gene Silencing by Small RNAs .6.3.7 Processing to Produce Mature mRNA .6.4 Translation .6.4.1 Initiation of Translation .6.4.2 Elongation Phase of Translation .6.4.3 Translation Termination .6.5 Protein Postranslational Modification .References .7. Plant Systems BiologyWusheng Liu and C. Neal Stewart, Jr. .7.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .7.0.1 Summary .7.0.2 Discussion Questions .7.1 Introduction .7.2 Defining Plant Systems Biology .7.3 Properties of Plant Systems .7.4 A Framework of Plant Systems Biology .7.4.1 Comprehensive quantitative data sets .7.4.2 Network analysis .7.4.3 Dynamic Modeling .7.4.4 Exploring systems and models toward refinement .7.5 Disciplines and Enabling Tools of Plant Systems Biology .7.5.1 Plant Genomics .7.5.2 Plant Transcriptomics .7.5.3 Plant Proteomics .7.5.4 Plant Metabolomics .7.5.5 Bioinformatics .7.6 Conclusions .References .8. Recombinant DNA, Vector Design, and ConstructionMark D. Curtis and David G. J. Mann .8.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .8.0.1 Summary .8.0.2 Discussion Questions .8.1 DNA Modification .8.2 DNA Vectors .8.2.1 DNA Vectors for Plant Transformation .8.2.2 Components for Efficient Gene Expression in Plants .8.3 Greater Demands Lead to Innovation .8.3.1 Modern Cloning Strategies .8.4 Vector Design .8.4.1 Vectors for High–Throughput Functional Analysis .8.4.2 Vectors for gene down–regulation using RNA interference (RNAi) .8.4.3 Expression Vectors .8.4.4 Vectors for Promoter Analysis .8.4.5 Vectors Derived from Plant Sequences .8.4.6 Vectors for Multigenic Traits .8.5 Targeted Transgene Insertions .8.6 Prospects .References .9. Genes and Traits of InterestKenneth L. Korth .9.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .9.0.1 Summary .9.0.2 Discussion Questions .9.1 Introduction .9.2 Identifying Genes of Interest via Genomics and Other Omics Technologies .9.3 Traits for Improved Crop Production Using Transgenics .9.3.1 Herbicide Resistance .9.3.2 Insect Resistance .9.3.3 Pathogen Resistance .9.3.4 Traits for Improved Products and Food Quality .9.4 Conclusion .References .10. Promoters and Marker GenesWusheng Liu, Brian Miki, and C. Neal Stewart, Jr. .10.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .10.0.1 Summary .10.0.2 Discussion Questions .10.1 Introduction .10.2 Promoters .10.2.1 Constitutive Promoters .10.2.2 Tissue–specific Promoters .10.2.3 Inducible Promoters .10.2.4 Synthetic Promoters .10.3 Marker Genes .10.3.1 Selectable Marker Genes .10.3.2 Reporter Genes .10.4 Marker–Free Strategies .10.5 Conclusions .References .11. Transgenic Plant ProductionJohn Finer .11.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .11.0.1 Summary .11.0.2 Discussion questions .11.1 Overview of Plant Transformation .11.1.1 Introduction .11.1.2 Basic Components for Successful Gene Transfer to Plant Cells .11.1 Agrobacterium Tumefaciens .11.2.1 History of Agrobacterium Research .11.2.2 Use of the T–DNA Transfer Process for Transformation .11.2.3 Optimizing Delivery and Broadening the Taxonomical Range of Targets .11.2.4 Strain and Cultivar Compatibility .11.2.5 Agroinfiltration .11.2.6 Arabidopsis Floral Dip (Clough and Bent, 1998) .11.3 Particle Bombardment .11.3.1 History of Particle Bombardment .11.3.2 The Fate of the Introduced DNA into Plant Cells .11.3.3 The Power and Problems of Direct DNA Introduction .11.3.4 Improvements in the Control of Transgene Expression .11.4 Other Methods of Transformation .11.4.1 The Need for Additional Technologies .11.4.2 Protoplasts .11.4.3 Whole Tissue Electroporation .11.4.4 Silicon Carbide Whiskers .11.4.5 Viral Vectors .11.4.6 Laser Micropuncture .11.4.7 Nanofiber Arrays .11.5 The Rush to Publish .11.5.1 Controversial Reports of Plant Transformation .11.5.2 Criteria to Consider in Judging Novel Plant Transformation Methods .11.6 A Look to the Future .References .12. Analysis of Transgenic PlantsC. Neal Stewart, Jr. .12.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .12.0.1 Summary .12.0.2 Discussion Questions .12.1 Essential Elements of Transgenic Plant Analysis .12.2 Assays for Transgenicity, Insert Copy Number and Segregation .12.2.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) .12.2.2 Quantitative PCR (qPCR) .12.2.3 Southern (DNA) Blot Analysis .12.2.4 Segregation Analysis of Progeny .12.3 Transgene Expression .12.3.1 Transcript Abundance .12.3.2 Protein Abundance .12.4 Knockdown or Knockout Analysis Rather Than Overexpression Analysis .12.5 The Relationship between Molecular Analyses and Phenotype .References .13. Regulations and BiosafetyAlan McHughen .13.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .13.0.1 Summary .13.0.2 Discussion Questions .13.1 Introduction .13.2 History of Genetic Engineering and Its Regulation .13.3 Regulation of Gm Plants .13.3.1 New Technologies .13.3.2 United States Regulatory Agencies and Regulations .13.3.3 European Union (EU) .13.3.4 Canada .13.3.5 International Perspectives .13.4 Regulatory Flaws and Invalid Assumptions .13.4.1 Conventional Plant Breeding has Higher Safety than Biotechnology–derived GM .13.4.2 GMOs should be Regulated because they re GMOs and Un–natural .13.4.3 Even though Product Risk is Important, it is Reasonable that Process (GMO) Should Trigger Regulation .13.4.4 Since GM Technology is New, it Might be Hazardous and should be Regulated .13.4.5 If We Have a Valid Scientific Test, Then it should be used in Regulations .13.4.6 Better Safe than Sorry: Overregulation is better than Underregulation .13.5 Conclusion .References .14. Field Testing of Transgenic PlantsDetlef Bartsch, Achim Gathmann, Christiane Saeglitz, and Arti Sinha .14.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .14.0.1 Summary .14.0.2 Discussion Questions .14.1 Introduction .14.2 Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) Process .14.2.1 Initial Evaluation (ERA Step 1) .14.2.2 Problem Formulation (ERA Step 2) .14.2.3 Controlled Experiments and Gathering of Information (ERA Step 3) .14.2.4 Risk Evaluation (ERA Step 4) .14.2.5 Progression through a Tiered Risk Assessment .14.3 An Example Risk Assessment: the Case of BT Maize .14.3.1 Effect of BT Maize Pollen on Nontarget Caterpillars .14.3.2 Statistical Analysis and Relevance for Predicting Potential Adverse Effects on Butterflies .14.4 Proof of Safety versus Proof of Hazard .14.5 Modelling the Risk Effects on a Greater Scale .14.6 Proof of Benefits: Agronomic Performance .14.7 Conclusions .References .15. Intellectual Property in Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for Open AccessMonica Alandete–Saez, Cecilia Chi–Ham, Gregory Graff, Sara Boettiger and Alan B. Bennett .15.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .15.0.1 Summary .15.0.2 Discussion Questions .15.1 Intellectual Property and Agricultural Biotechnology .15.1.1 What is Intellectual Property? .15.1.2 What is a Patent? .15.2 The Relationship between Intellectual Property and Agricultural Research .15.3 Patenting Plant Biotechnology: Has an Anti–Commons Developed? .15.3.1 Transformation Methods .15.3.2 Selectable Markers .15.3.3 Promoters .15.3.4. Subcellular Localization .15.3.5 The Importance of Combining IP–Protected Components in Transgenic Crops .15.4 What Is Freedom to Operate (FTO)? .15.4.1 The Importance of FTO .15.4.2 FTO Case Study: the Tomato E8 Promoter .15.5 Strategies for Open Access .15.6 Conclusions .References .16. Why Transgenic Plants Are So ControversialJennifer Trumbo and Douglas Powell .16.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .16.0.1 Summary .16.0.2 Discussion Questions .16.1 Introduction .16.1.1 The Frankenstein Backdrop .16.1.2 Agricultural Innovations and Questions .16.2 Perceptions of Risk .16.3 Responses of Fear .16.4 Feeding Fear: Case Studies .16.4.1 Pusztai s Potatoes .16.4.2 Monarch Butterfly Flap .16.5 How Many Benefits are enough? .16.6 Continuing Debates .16.6.1 Process versus Product .16.6.2 Health Concerns .16.6.3 Environmental Concerns .16.6.4 Consumer Choice .16.7 Business and Control .16.8 Conclusions .References .17. The Future: Advanced Plant Biotechnology, Genome Editing and Synthetic BiologyWusheng Liu and C. Neal Stewart, Jr. .17.0 Chapter Summary and Objectives .17.0.1 Summary .17.0.2 Discussion Questions .17.1 Introduction: The Birth of Synthetic Biology .17.2 Defining Synthetic Biology for Plants .17.2.1 Design Cycles of Synthetic Biology .17.2.2 Foundations of Synthetic Biology .17.2.3 Components of Plant Synthetic Biology .17.3 Enabling Tools for Plant Synthetic Biology .17.3.1 Computer–Aided Design .17.3.2 Synthetic Promoters .17.3.3 Precise Genome Editing .17.4 Synthetic Biology Applications in Plants .17.4.1 Synthetic Inducible Promoters .17.4.2 A Device for Monitoring Auxin–induced Plant IAA Degradation in Yeast .17.4.3 Circuits for Phytosensing of Explosives or Bacterial Pathogens in Transgenic Plants .17.5 Conclusions .References

• ISBN: 978-1-118-82012-4
• Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 432
• Fecha Publicación: 15/04/2016
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés