Forensic Anthropology: Theoretical Framework and Scientific Basis

Provides comprehensive coverage of everything that students and practitioners need to know about working in the field of forensic anthropology Forensic anthropology has been plagued by questions of scientific validity and rigor despite its acceptance as a section in the American Academy of Forensic Sciences nearly half a century ago. Critics have viewed it as a laboratory–based applied subfield of biological anthropology, and characterised it as emphasising methodology over theory. This book shows that these views are not only antiquated, but inadequate and inaccurate. Forensic Anthropology: Theoretical Framework and Scientific Basis introduces readers to all of the theoretical and scientific foundations of forensic anthropology beginning with how it was influenced by the early theoretical approaches of Tyler, Morgan, Spencer and Darwin. It instructs on how modern forensic science relies on an interdisciplinary approach with research being conducted in the fields of archaeology, physics, geology and other disciplines. This modern approach to theory in forensic anthropology is presented through the introduction and discussion of Foundational, Interpretive and Methodological theories. Sections cover: Bias and Objectivity in Forensic Anthropology Theory and Practice; The Theory and Science Behind Biological Profile and Personal Identification; Scientific Foundation for Interpretations of Antemortem, Perimortem, and Postmortem Processes; and Interdisciplinary Influences, Legal Ramifications and Future Directions. Illustrates important aspects of the theory building process and reflects methods for strengthening the scientific framework of forensic anthropology as a discipline Inspired by the Application of Theory to Forensic Anthropology symposium presented at the 67th annual meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences Chapters written by experts in the field who were presenters at the symposium Forensic Anthropology: Theoretical Framework and Scientific Basis is ideal for university courses in anthropological science, forensic science, criminal science and forensic archaeology. INDICE: About the Editors, xv .Notes on contributors, xvii .Foreword, xxiiiSeries preface, xxv .Acknowledgments, xxvii .1 The theoretical and scientific foundations of forensic anthropology, 1C. Clifford Boyd and Donna C. Boyd .1.1 Introduction, 1 .1.2 A selective history of theory in forensic anthropology, 2 .1.3 A modern perspective on forensic anthropology theory, 5 .1.3.1 Three forms of logical reasoning, 8 .1.3.2 Theory building in forensic anthropology: Linking logic and theory, 10 .1.4 Forensic anthropology theory and modern practice, 12 .1.5 Final comments, 15 .References, 15 .Part 1 Bias and objectivity in forensic anthropology theory and practice, 19 .2 Subjective with a capital S? Issues of objectivity in forensic anthropology, 21Allysha Powanda Winburn .2.1 Introduction, 21 .2.2 Objectivity, subjectivity, and forensic anthropological theory, 22 .2.3 Subjectivity in science, 24 .2.3.1 Subjectivity in forensic anthropology, 24 .2.3.2 Effects of bias on forensic anthropology, 25 .2.3.3 Subjective science is not bad science, 26 .2.4 Mitigated objectivity: A path forward , 27 .2.4.1 Constraining subjectivity and bias, 28 .2.4.2 The continuing process of constraint, 33 .2.5 Conclusion, 34 .References, 34 .3 Navigating cognitive bias in forensic anthropology, 39Michael W. Warren, Amanda N. Friend and Michala K. Stock .3.1 Introduction, 39 .3.2 Types of cognitive bias, 40 .3.3 Research versus applied science, 41 .3.4 Recommended solutions to mitigate confirmation bias, 43 .3.5 Challenges unique to forensic anthropology, 44 .3.5.1 Anthropologists work in a variety of professional contexts, 44 .3.5.2 The uniqueness of the forensic anthropology testing sample, 45 .3.5.3 Multiple tests to reach a single conclusion, 45 .3.6 An example of how bias affects procedures, 46 .3.7 Workable solutions, 49 .3.8 Summary, 49 .References, 50 .4 Theoretically interesting: Different perspectives of the application of theory to forensic anthropology practice and research, 53Soren Blau .4.1 Introduction, 53 .4.2 Practising in context, 56 .4.3 Ethical considerations for the development of theory, 58 .4.4 Can theories be applied universally?, 59 .4.5 Conclusion, 59 .Acknowledgements, 61 .References, 61 .Part 2 The theory and science behind biological profile and personal identification, 65 .5 From Blumenbach to Howells: The slow, painful emergence of theory through forensic race estimation, 67Stephen Ousley, Richard L. Jantz and Joseph T. Hefner .5.1 Introduction, 67 .5.2 Race as a concept and theory, 68 .5.2.1 Evolution, rather than race, explains human biological variation, 70 .5.2.2 Human variation is continuous, 72 .5.2.3 Human biological variation involves many traits that typically vary independently, 73 .5.2.4 Genetic variation within so ]called races is much greater than the variation among them, 74 .5.2.5 There is no way to consistently classify human beings by race, 75 .5.3 Anthropology and race, 79 .5.4 Forensic anthropology and race, 85 .5.5 Race and the future, 90 .Acknowledgments, 92 .References, 92 .6 The application of theory in skeletal age estimation, 99Natalie R. Langley and Beatrix Dudzik .6.1 Introduction, 99 .6.2 Skeletal age, 101 .6.3 Historical context, 101 .6.4 Forensic anthropology and evolutionary biology, 102 .6.5 Potential solutions to the problem of age estimation, 105 .6.6 Final comments, 107 .References, 109 .7 Theory and histological methods, 113Christian M. Crowder, Deborrah C. Pinto, Janna M. Andronowski and Victoria M. Dominguez .7.1 Introduction, 113 .7.2 Foundational theory in bone biology, 114 .7.3 Interpretive theory in bone biology, 115 .7.3.1 Form and function, 115 .7.3.2 The mechanostat and Utah paradigm, 116 .7.3.3 Exploring the effectors of the mechanostat, 117 .7.4 Methodological theory in bone biology, 119 .7.4.1 Histological age estimation, 120 .7.4.2 Determining human versus nonhuman bone, 121 .7.5 Conclusions, 122 .References, 123 .8 Forensic applications of isotope landscapes ( isoscapes ): A tool for predicting region ]of ]origin in forensic anthropology cases, 127Lesley A. Chesson, Brett J. Tipple, James R. Ehleringer, Todd Park and Eric J. Bartelink .8.1 Introduction, 127 .8.2 What are isotopes?, 128 .8.3 Why do isotope compositions of human tissues differ?, 129 .8.3.1 Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, 130 .8.3.2 Strontium isotopes, 130 .8.3.3 Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotopes, 132 .8.4 How do we interpret isotope data collected for forensic human identification?, 133 .8.4.1 Oxygen isotopes in drinking water and hair keratin, 134 .8.4.2 Oxygen isotopes in drinking water and skeletal bioapatite, 137 .8.4.3 Strontium isotopes of local bedrock and skeletal remains, 138 .8.5 Examples of the application of isotope analysis to unidentified remains, 139 .8.5.1 Jane Doe from Salt Lake County, 139 .8.5.2 Isolated mandible from Siskiyou County, 141 .8.6 What are the future applications of isotope analysis?, 144 .Acknowledgments, 144 .References, 145 .Part 3 Scientific foundation for interpretations of antemortem, perimortem, and postmortem processes, 149 .9 The anatomical basis for fracture repair: Recognition of the healing continuum and its forensic applications to investigations of pediatric and elderly abuse, 151Donna C. Boyd .9.1 Introduction: Diagnosing pediatric and elderly non ]accidental injury, 151 .9.2 Theoretical basis for antemortem healing and TSI estimation, 153 .9.3 Anatomical basis for fracture healing, 154 .9.3.1 Bone growth and development, 155 .9.3.2 Fracture healing, 157 .9.4 Factors affecting the rate of bone healing, 162 .9.4.1 The biological profile (age, sex, ancestry), 162 .9.4.2 Type, location, cause, severity, and number of injuries, 163 .9.4.3 Injury treatment and local biomechanical factors, 164 .9.4.4 Systemic and other factors, 165 .9.5 Antemortem fracture healing stages and dating systems, 166 .9.6 A new model for fracture repair, 174 .9.7 Expanding and refining TSI estimation through the Antemortem Fracture Archive, 181 .9.8 Theory and the future of TSI estimation, 184 .References, 184 .Appendix A, 195 .Major fracture repair stages and TSI estimations, 195 .10 Theoretical foundation of child abuse, 201Jennifer C. Love and Miriam E. Soto Martinez .10.1 Introduction, 201 .10.2 Case study, 201 .10.3 Anthropologists and child abuse, 202 .10.4 Foundational theory, 203 .10.5 Interpretive theory, 204 .10.5.1 Bone biomechanics, 205 .10.5.2 Motor skill development, 207 .10.6 Methodological theory, 207 .10.7 Conclusion, 209 .References, 209 .11 Bone trauma analysis in a forensic setting: Theoretical basis and a practical approach for evaluation, 213Hugh E. Berryman, John F. Berryman and Tiffany B. Saul .11.1 Introduction, 213 .11.2 Theory, 214 .11.2.1 Foundational theory, 215 .11.2.2 Interpretive theory, 216 .11.2.3 Methodological theory, 217 .11.3 Fundamental principles in bone fracture interpretation, 218 .11.4 A practical approach to bone trauma evaluation and hypothesis building, 226 .11.5 Conclusion, 232 .References, 232 .12 Thinking outside the box: Theory and innovation in sharp trauma analysis, 235John A. Williams and Ronald W. Davis .12.1 Introduction, 235 .12.2 Transfer of evidence, 235 .12.3 Theory connections, 236 .12.4 The human skeleton as transfer evidence, 237 .12.5 A primer on saws and dismemberment, 238 .12.6 Geographic information system, 240 .12.7 Applications of GIS in forensic anthropology and human osteology, 241 .12.8 GIS: innovation in cut mark striation interpretation, 242 .12.9 Locard and the twenty ]first century: It s all a matter of scale, 247 .References, 248 .13 The forensic anthropologist as broker for cross ]disciplinary taphonomic research related to estimating the postmortem interval in medicolegal death investigations, 251Daniel J. Wescott .13.1 Introduction, 251 .13.2 Taphonomy and taphonomic theory, 252 .13.3 Forensic taphonomy, 254 .13.4 Taphonomy and the estimation of time since death, 255 .13.5 The necrobiome, 256 .13.6 Cross ]disciplinary research, 257 .13.6.1 Need for cross ]disciplinary research in PMI estimation, 257 .13.6.2 Cross ]disciplinary approaches, 258 .13.7 Overcoming barriers to cross ]disciplinary research, 262 .13.8 Forensic anthropologists as brokers for unified theories in forensic taphonomy, 264 .13.8.1 Forensic anthropologists are already major players, 264 .13.8.2 Anthropologists have a long history of conducting taphonomic research, 264 .13.8.3 Anthropology is traditionally a holistic field, 265 .13.8.4 Forensic anthropology has its roots in academic research, 265 .13.9 Conclusions, 265 .Acknowledgments, 266 .References, 266 .Part 4 Interdisciplinary influences, legal ramifications, and future directions, 271 .14 Archaeological inference and its application to forensic anthropology, 273C. Clifford Boyd and William W. Baden .14.1 Introduction, 273 .14.2 Agency and nonlinear systems theories, 274 .14.3 Nonlinear modeling of the decomposition process, 277 .14.4 Discussion, 284 .References, 292 .15 Arrows of influence: The give and take of theory between forensic anthropology, archaeology, and geophysics, 297John F. Schweikart and Cheryl A. Johnston .15.1 Introduction, 297 .15.2 Influences of archaeology on forensic anthropology, 299 .15.3 Influences of geophysics on forensic anthropology, 301 .15.4 Backflow to other disciplines: Site formation processes in archaeology, 302 .15.5 Backflow: Interpretation/understanding of geophysical signatures, 303 .15.6 Conclusion, 305 .References, 305 .16 Forensic anthropology, scientific evidence, and the law: Why theory matters, 307Donna C. Boyd and C. Clifford Boyd .16.1 Introduction: Theory in practice, 307 .16.1.1 Commonwealth of Virginia v Morgan Lockett: Why theory matters, 307 .16.2 Science and the law: The disconnect, 309 .16.3 Science and the law: Commonalities, 310 .16.3.1 Legal and scientific dialogue, 310 .16.3.2 Abductive reasoning, 311 .16.3.3 Probabilistic evaluation of the strength of evidence, 312 .16.4 Forensic anthropologists as expert witnesses, 315 .16.5 Admissibility of forensic anthropology evidence in the post ]Daubert world, 316 .16.6 The legal application of forensic anthropology: Why theory matters, 318 .16.7 Final comments, 319 .Acknowledgments, 320 .References, 320 .17 Epilogue: Theory and science in forensic anthropology: Avenues for further research and development, 325C. Clifford Boyd and Donna C. Boyd .17.1 The science of forensic anthropology, 325 .17.2 Looking forward, 327 .References, 328 .Index, 329

• ISBN: 978-1-119-22638-3
• Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 360
• Fecha Publicación: 23/02/2018
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés