Based on the very successful German edition and a seminar held by the German Engineers? Association (VDI) on a regular basis, this English edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to reflect the developments of the last ten years. It supplies both the physical fundamentals in ready–to–use form as well as a hands–on approach for applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. The text includes chapters dedicated to operating in hazardous zones, methods for process control and regulation and leak detection. Some 90% of the authors work at the 10 most important companies involved in vacuum technology, and their expertise is disseminated here for engineers working in vacuum technology, chemical process design, plant operation, and mechanical engineering. INDICE: FUNDAMENTALS OF VACUUM TECHNOLOGY Introduction Fundamentals of Vacuum Technology CONDENSATION UNDER VACUUM What is Condensation Condensation under Vacuum without Inert Gases Condensation with Inert Gases Saturated Inert Gas – Vapour Mixtures Vapour – Liquid – Equilibrium Types of Condensers Heat Transfer and Condensation Temperature in a Surface Condenser Vacuum Control in Condensers Installation of Condensers Special Condenser Types BASIC PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF VACUUM TECHNOLOGY: LIQUID RING VACUUM PUMPS Construction and Mode of Operation of Liquid–Ring Vacuum Pumps Constructive Details Operating Behaviour and Design of Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps Vibration and Noise Emission with Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps Selection of Suitable Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps STEAM JET VACUUM PUMPS Design and Function Jet Pumps Operating Behaviour and Characteristic Control of Jet Compressors Multistage Steam Jet Vacuum Pumps Comparison of Steam, Air and other Motive Media MECHANICAL VACUUM PUMPS Introduction The Different Types of Mechanical Vacuum Pumps Dry Compressing Vacuum Pumps for Chemistry Applications New Developments of Screw Vacuum Pumps for the Area of Process Chemistry Outlook as to the Future of the Mechanical Vacuum Pumps in the Area of Chemical Process Engineering BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE EXPLOSION PROTECTION AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR VACUUM PUMPS ON MANUFACTURERS AND OPERATORS Introduction Explosion Protection Directive 99/92/EC Directive 94/9/EC Summary MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR GROSS AND FINE VACUUM Pressure Units and Vacuum Ranges Directly and Indirectly Measuring Vacuum Gauges and Their Measurement Ranges Hydrostatic Manometers Mechanical and Electromechanical Vacuum Gauges LEAK DETECTION METHDOS Definition of Leakage Rates Acceptable Leakage Rate of Chemical Plants Methods of Leak Detection Helium as a Tracer Gas Leak Detection with Helium Leak Detector Leak Detection of Systems in the Fine–Vacuum Range Leak Detection of Systems in the Gross Vacuum Range Leak Detection and Signal Response Time Properties and Specifications of Helium Leak Detectors VACCUM CRYSTALLIZATION Introduction Crystallization Theory for Practice Types of Crystallizers Periphery Process Particularities Example–Crystallization of Sodium Chloride WHY EVAPORATION UNDER VACUUM? Introduction Thermodynamics of Evaporation Pressure / Vacuum Evaporation Comparison Possibility of Vapor Utilization EVAPORATORS FOR COARSE VACUUM Introduction Criteria for the Selection of an Evaporator Evaporator Types BASICS OF DRYING TECHNOLOGY Vacuum Drying Basics of Solids–Liquid–Separation Technology Discontinuous Vacuum Drying Continuous Vacuum Drying Dryer Designs VACUUM FLUID BED Fluid–Bed Process Vacuum Fluid–Bed PHARMACEUTICAL FREEZE–DRYING SYSTEMS General Information Phases of a Freeze–Drying Process Production Freeze–Drying Systems Final Comments SHORT PATH AND MOLECULAR DISTILLATION Principle Technical Design Evaporation Rate Plants Separation Capacity Energy Requirements Reactive Distillation Summary RECTIFICATION UNDER VACUUM Column Internals for Mass and Heat Transfer Separaction Efficiency of Internals Hydraulic Load and Pressure Drop Operation under Vacuum Column Internals Comparison of Column Internals Symbols VACUUM CONVEYING OF POWDERS AND BULK MATERIALS Introduction Basic Theory Principle Function and Design of a Vacuum Conveying System Continuous Vacuum Conveying Reactor– and Stirring Vessel Loading in the Chemical Industry Transfer, Weighing, Dosing and Big–Bag Loading & Discharging Application Parameters VACCUM FILTRATION – SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGY, RANGE AND EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION, DESIGNS Vacuum Filtration: A Mechanical Separation Process Design of an Industrial Vacuum Filter Station Methods of Continuous Vacuum Filtration, Types of Design and Examples of Application Vacuum Filtration on a Curved Concave Surface, The Internal Filter Vacuum Filtration on a Flat Horizontal Surface Vacuum Filtration on a Flat Vertical Surface, The Disc Filter
- ISBN: 978-3-527-31834-6
- Editorial: Wiley VCH
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 350
- Fecha Publicación: 26/11/2014
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés