With a focus on structure–property relationships, this book describes how polymer morphology affects properties and how scientists can modify them. The book covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing; and discusses a broad range of techniques and methods. Provides an up–to–date, comprehensive introduction to the principles and practices of polymer morphology Illustrates major structure types, such as semicrystalline morphology, surface–induced polymer crystallization, phase separation, self–assembly, deformation, and surface topography Covers a variety of polymers, such as homopolymers, block copolymers, polymer thin films, polymer blends, and polymer nanocomposites Discusses a broad range of advanced and novel techniques and methods, like x–ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and electron microscopy and their applications in the morphology of polymer materials INDICE: Preface .Part 1: Principles and Methods of Characterization .1. Overview and Prospects of Polymer Morphology Jerold M. Schultz .1.1 Introductory Remarks .1.2 Experimental Avenues of Morphological Research .1.2.1 Morphological characterization: the enabling of in situ measurements .1.2.2 Morphology–property investigation .1.2.3 Morphology development .1.3 Modeling and Simulation .1.3.1 Self–generated fields .1.4 Wishful Thinking .1.5 Summary .References .2. X–ray Diffraction from Polymers N. Sanjeeva Murthy .2.1 Introduction .2.2 Basic principles .2.3 Instrumentation .2.4 Structure determination .2.4.1 Lattice dimensions .2.4.2 Molecular modeling .2.4.3 Rietveld method .2.4.4 Pair distribution functions .2.5 Phase analysis .2.5.1 Crystallinity determination .2.5.2 Composition analysis .2.6 Crystallite size and disorder .2.7 Orientation analysis .2.7.1 Crystalline orientation .2.7.2 Uniaxial orientation .2.7.3 Biaxial orientation .2.7.4 Amorphous orientation .2.8 Small–angle scattering .2.8.1 Central diffuse scattering .2.8.2 Discrete reflections from lamellar structures .2.8.3 Small–angle neutron scattering and solvent diffusion .2.9 Specialized measurements .2.9.1 In situ experiments .2.9.2 Microbeam diffraction .2.9.3 Grazing incidence diffraction .2.10 Summary .References .3. Electron Microscopy of Polymers Goerg H. Michler and Werner Lebek .3.1 Introduction .3.2 Microscopic techniques .3.2.1 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) .3.2.2 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) .3.2.3 Comparison of different microscopic techniques .3.2.4 Image processing and image analysis .3.3 Sample Preparation .3.4 In situ Microscopy .References .4. Characterization of Polymer Morphology by Scattering Techniques Jean–Michel Guenet .4.1 Introduction .4.2 A short theoretical presentation .4.2.1 General expressions .4.2.2 The form factor .4.3 Experimental aspects .4.3.1 The contrast factor .4.3.2 Experimental set–up .4.4 Typical results .4.4.1 Neutrons experiments: a contrast variation story .4.4.2 X–ray experiments: a time–resolved story .4.5 Concluding remarks .References .5. Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Polymers Alejandro J. Müller and Rose Mary Michell .5.1 Introduction to Differential Scanning Calorimetry. .5.2 Detection of first order and second order transitions by DSC. .5.3 Self–nucleation .5.3.1 Quantification of the nucleation efficiency .5.4 Thermal fractionation .5.5 Multiphasic materials: polymer blends and block copolymers. Fractionated crystallization and confinement effects .5.5.1 Blends and fractionated crystallization .5.5.2 Copolymers .5.5.3 Copolymers versus blends .5.5.4 The crystallization of polymers and copolymers within nanoporous templates .5.6 Self–nucleation and the efficiency scale to evaluate nucleation power .5.6.1 Supernucleation .5.7 Determination of overall isothermal crystallization by DSC .5.8 Conclusions .5.9 Acknowledgment .References .6. Imaging Polymer Morphology Using Atomic Force Microscopy Holger Schönherr .6.1 Introduction .6.2 Fundamental AFM techniques .6.2.1 Contact mode AFM .6.2.2 Intermittent contact (tapping) mode AFM .6.2.3 Further dynamic AFM modes .6.3 Imaging of polymer morphology .6.3.1 Single polymer chains .6.3.2 Crystal structures .6.3.3 Lamellar crystals .6.3.4 Spherulites .6.3.5 Multiphase systems .6.3.6 Polymeric nanostructures .6.4 Property mapping .References .7. FTIR Imaging of Polymeric Materials S. G. Kazarian and K. L. A. Chan .7.1 Introduction .7.2 Principles of FTIR imaging .7.3 Sampling methods .7.3.1 Transmission Mode .7.3.2 Attenuated total reflection (ATR) Mode .7.4 Spatial resolution .7.4.1 Transmission FTIR imaging .7.4.2 ATR–FTIR spectroscopic imaging .7.5 Recent applications .7.5.1 Polymer blends .7.5.2 Polymer processes .7.6 Conclusions .References .8. NMR Analysis of Morphology and Structure of Polymers Takeshi Yamanobe and Hiroki Uehara .8.1 Introduction .8.2 Basic concepts in NMR .8.2.1 Principles of NNR .8.2.2 Analysis of FID .8.3 Morphology and relaxation behavior of polyethylene .8.3.1 Morphology and molecular mobility .8.3.2 Lamellar thickening by annealing .8.3.3 Entanglement in the amorphous phase .8.4 Morphology and structure of the nascent powders .8.4.1 Etching by the fuming nitric acid .8.4.2 Structural change by annealing .8.4.3 Nascent isotactic polypropylene powder .8.5 Kinetics of dynamic process of polymers .8.5.1 Melt drawing of polyethylene .8.5.2 Crystallization mechanism of Nylon 46 .8.5.3 Degree of curing of novolac resins .8.6 Conclusion .References .Part 2: Morphology, Properties and Processing .9. Small Angle X–ray Scattering for Morphological Analysis of Semicrystalline Polymers Anne Seidlitz and Thomas Thurn–Albrecht .9.1 Introduction .9.2 Small Angle X–ray Scattering .9.2.1 Typical Experimental Setup .9.2.2 Basic Formalism Describing the Relation between Real Space Structure and Scattering Intensity in a SAXS Experiment .9.2.3 Methods of Analysis Used for SAXS on Semicrystalline Polymers .9.3 Concluding Remarks .References .Appendix: Calculation the model function KSim??s .10. Crystalline Morphology of Homopolymers and Block Copolymers Shuichi Nojima and Hironori Marubayashi .10.1 Introduction .10.2 Crystalline Morphology of Homopolymers .10.2.1 Crystal Structure .10.2.2 Lamellar Morphology .10.2.3 Spherulite Structure .10.2.4 Crystalline Morphology of Homopolymers Confined in Isolated Nanodomains .10.2.5 Crystalline Morphology of Polymer Blends .10.3 Crystalline Morphology of Block Copolymers .10.3.1 Crystalline Morphology of Weakly Segregated Block Copolymers .10.3.2 Crystalline Morphology of Block Copolymers with Glassy Amorphous Blocks .10.3.3 Crystalline Morphology of Strongly Segregated Block Copolymers .10.3.4 Crystalline Morphology of Double Crystalline Block Copolymers .10.4 Concluding Remarks .References .11. Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Polymers Alejandro J. Müller, Rose Mary Michell, and Arnaldo T. Lorenzo .11.1 Introduction .11.2 Crystallization Process .11.3 Crystallization Kinetics .11.3.1 The Avrami equation .11.3.2 Nucleation and crystal growth: Lauritzen–Hofmann theory .11.4 Isothermal crystallization Kinetics Morphology relationship, some examples .11.4.1 Linear PS–b–PCL versus Miktoarm (PS2)–b–(PCL2) block copolymers .11.4.2 Crystallization kinetics and morphology of PLLA–b–PCL diblock copolymers .11.4.3 Nucleation and crystallization kinetics of double crystalline polyethylene/polyamide (PE/PA) blends .11.4.4 Crystallization kinetics of poly( –caprolactone)/carbon nanotubes (PCL/CNTs) blends .11.5 Conclusions .11.6 Acknowledgment .References .12. Surface–induced Polymer Crystallization Xiaoli Sun and Shouke Yan .12.1 Introduction .12.2 Influence of foreign surface on the crystallization kinetics of polymers .12.3 Influence of foreign surface on the crystal structure and morphology of polymers .12.3.1 Crystallization of thin polymer films on amorphous foreign surface .12.3.2 Crystallization of polymer thin films on crystalline foreign surface with special crystallographic interaction .12.4 Bulk crystallization of polymers in contact with a foreign surface .12.5 Summary .References .13. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Polymer Crystallization Wenbing Hu and Liyun Zha .13.1 Introduction .13.2 Thermodynamics of polymer crystallization .13.3 Crystal nucleation .13.4 Crystal growth .13.5 Crystal annealing .13.6 Summary .References .14. Self–Assembly and Morphology in Block Copolymer Systems with Specific Interactions Anbazhagan Palanisamy and Qipeng Guo .14.1 Introduction .14.2 Block copolymer systems with hydrogen bonding interaction in solid state .14.2.1 Diblock copolymer/homopolymer systems .14.2.2 Diblock/triblock copolymer systems .14.3 Block copolymer systems with hydrogen bonding interaction in solution .14.3.1 Single component block copolymer systems .14.3.2 Diblock copolymer/homopolymer systems .14.3.3 Diblock/diblock copolymer systems .14.3.4 Triblock copolymer systems .14.4 Block copolymer systems with ionic interaction .14.4.1 Diblock copolymer/homopolymer systems .14.4.2 Diblock/triblock copolymer systems .14.5 Block copolymer blends via Metal ligand coordination bonds .14.6 Concluding remarks .References .15. Dynamics Simulations of Microphase Separation in Block Copolymers Xuehao He, Xuejin Li, Peng Chen, and Haojun Liang .15.1 Introduction .15.2 Polymer Model and Simulation algorithm .15.2.1 Monte Carlo method .15.2.2 Dissipative particle dynamics method .15.2.3 Polymeric self–consistent field theory .15.3 Dynamics of self–assembly of block copolymers .15.3.1 Phase separation of linear block copolymer .15.3.2 Self–assembly of Star block copolymer in melt .15.3.3 Self–assembly of block copolymer in constrained systems .15.3.4 Micellization of amphiphilic block copolymer in solution .15.4 Outlook .References .16. Morphology Control of Polymer Thin Films Jiangang Liu, Xinhong Yu, Longjian Xue, and Yanchun Han .16.1 Wetting .16.1.1 Dewetting mechanisms .16.1.2 Dewetting dynamics .16.1.3 Rim instability .16.1.4 Factors affect the stability of polymer thin films .16.2 Thin film of polymer blend .16.2.1 Fundamentals of polymer blends .16.2.2 Phase separation in thin polymer films .16.3 The introduction of polymer blend film in solar cells .16.3.1 Establish interpenetrating network structure by controlling phase separation .16.3.2 Control the domain size and purify the domains .16.3.3 Adjust the diffused structure at interface between donor and acceptor .16.3.4 Constructing the relationship between film morphology and device performance .16.4 Summary and outlook .References .17. Polymer Surface Topography and Nanomechanical Mapping Hao Liu, So Fujinami, Dong Wang, Ken Nakajima, and Toshio Nishi .17.1 Introduction .17.2 Contact Mechanics .17.2.1 Hertzian Theory (Repulsion between elastic bodies) .17.2.2 Bradley Model (Interaction between Rigid Bodies) .17.2.3 Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) Model .17.2.4 Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) Model .17.2.5 The JKR DMT transition and Maugis–Dugdale (MD) Model .17.2.6 Adhesion Map .17.3 Application of contact mechanics to experimental data .17.3.1 Consideration of contact models .17.3.2 Force distance curve conversion .17.3.3 Analysis of load indentation curves .17.3.4 Nanomechanical mapping .17.4 Application Examples .17.4.1 Effect of Processing Conditions on Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Block Copolymers .17.4.2 Measuring the Deformation of Both Ductile and Fragile Polymers .17.4.3 Nanorheological AFM on Rubbers .17.5 Conclusion .References .18. Polymer Morphology and Deformation Behavior Masanori Hara .18.1 Introduction .18.2 Deformation behavior of amorphous polymers .18.2.1 Deformation behavior of thin film .18.2.2 Deformation behavior of bulk polymers .18.3 Deformation behavior of semi–crystalline polymers .18.3.1 Deformation of un–oriented semicrystalline polymers .18.3.2 Strain hardening and network density .18.4 Deformation behavior of block copolymers .18.4.1 Block copolymers based on S and B .18.4.2 Block copolymers based on E and C (CHE) .18.5 Conclusions and Outlook .References .19. Morphology Development in Immiscible Polymer Blends Ruth Cardinaels and Paula Moldenaers .19.1 Introduction .19.2 Morphology development in bulk flow .19.2.1 Droplet–matrix structures .19.2.2 Fibrillar structures .19.2.3 Cocontinuous structures .19.3 Recent advances in polymer blends .19.3.1 Immiscible blends in confined flow .19.3.2 Blend compatibilization by nanoparticles .19.4 Conclusions .Acknowledgments .References .20. Processing, Structure and Morphology in Polymer Nanocomposites Duraccio Donatella, Clara Silvestre, Sossio Cimmino, Antonella Marra, and Marilena Pezzuto .20.1 Overview .20.2 Nanoparticles with one–dimension less than 100 nm (layered silicates) .20.3 Nanoparticles with two–dimensions less than 100 nm (carbon nanotubes) .20.4 Nanoparticles with three–dimensions less than 100 nm (metal, metal oxide) .20.5 Preparative methods .20.5.1 Solution processing .20.5.2 In–situ polymerization .20.5.3 Melt processing .20.5.4 In–situ sol–gel technology .20.6 Structure and morphology of polymer nanocomposites .20.7 Concluding remarks .References .21. Morphology and Gas Barrier Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites Abbas Ghanbari, Marie–Claude Heuzey, Pierre J. Carreau, and Minh–Tan Ton–That .21.1 Introduction .21.2 Structure of layered silicates .21.3 Morphologies of polymer layered silicate composites .21.4 Nanocomposite preparation methods .21.5 Challenges of thermal degradation in melt intercalation .21.6 Methods for improving gas barrier properties of polymers .21.7 Polyamide nanocomposites .21.8 Polyolefin nanocomposites .21.9 PET nanocomposites .21.10 Polylactide nanocomposites .21.11 Conclusions and perspectives .References .22. Features on the Development and Stability of Phase Morphology in Complex Multicomponent Polymeric Systems: Main Focus on Processing Aspects C. Harrats, M–B. Coltelli, and G. Groeninckx .22.1 Introduction .22.2 Phase morphology development in polymer blends .22.2.1 Droplet–in–matrix (dispersed) phase morphology .22.2.2 Co–continuous phase morphology .22.2.3 Phase morphology in ternary blends .22.3 Melt–processing of polymer blends .22.3.1 Morphology build–up during processing .22.3.2 Effects of processing parameters on phase morphology .22.4 Chemistry involved in polymer blends .22.4.1 Effect of the compatibilizer on phase morphology .22.4.2 Formation in–situ of the compatibilizer .22.4.3 Case of reactive ternary blends .22.4.4 Stability of phase morphology in reactively compatibilized blends .22.4.5 Organoclay promoted phase morphology .22.4.6 Conclusions .References .Index
- ISBN: 978-1-118-45215-8
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 472
- Fecha Publicación: 10/06/2016
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés