Based on existing study notes supporting a series of lectures on the module, Integration of Renewables, Renewable Energy in Power Systems discusses the integration of renewable energy into the modern electricity market. The variable nature of most renewable energy sources needs special consideration when integrating such sources into traditional networks. Efficient power system operation requires that a number of activities be undertaken over wide time scales ranging from days to milliseconds. These activities include forecast demand, generation scheduling, security analysis, optimum economic dispatch and finally protection activities during system maloperation. These concepts are explained and the impact on the operation procedures of introducing increasing amounts ofrenewable energy are presented. INDICE: 1. Energy and Electricity. 1.1 The World Energy Scene. 1.1.1 History. 1.1.3 Finite resources. 1.2 The environmental impact of energy use. 1.2.1 The problem. 1.2.3 The Kyoto Protocol. 1.2.1 Efficient energy use. 1.2.6 Possible solutions and sustainability. 1.3 Generating Electricity. 1.4 The electrical power system. 1.4.1 Structure of the electrical power system. 1.4.2 Integrating renewables into power systems. 1.5 References. 2. Features of Conventional and Renewable Generation. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Conventional Sources: Coal, Gas and Nuclear. 2.3 Hydroelectric power. 2.3.1 Large hydro. 2.3.2 Small hydro. 2.4 Wind power. 2.4.1 The Resource. 2.4.3 Wind turbines. 2.4.4 Power variability. 2.5 PV and Solar Thermal Electricity. 2.5.1 The resource. 2.5.2 The technology. 2.5.3 Photovoltaic Systems. 2.5.4 Solar Thermal Electric Systems. 2.6 Tidal power. 2.6.1 The resource. 2.6.2 Tidal Enhancement. 2.6.3 Tidal barrages. 2.6.4 Operational Strategies. 2.6.5 Tidal Current Schemes. 2.7 Wave power. 2.7.1 The Resource. 2.7.2 The technology. 2.7.3 Variability. 2.8 Biomass. 2.8.1Resource sustainability. 2.9 Summary of power generation characteristics. 2.10 Combining Sources. 2.11 References. 3. Power Balance/ Frequency Control. 4. Electrical power generation and conditioning. 4.1 The conversion of renewable energy into electrical form. 4.2 The synchronous generator. 4.2.1 Constructionand mode of operation. 4.2.2 The rotating magnetic field. 4.2.3 Synchronous generator operation when grid connected. 4.2.4 The synchronous generator equivalent circuit. 4.2.5 Power transfer equations. 4.2.6 Three phase equations. 4.2.7 Four Quadrant operation. 4.2.8 Power ? load angle characteristic. Stability. 4.3 The transformer. 4.3.1 Transformer basics. 4.3.2 The transformer equivalent circuit. 4.3.3 Further details on transformers. 4.4 The asynchronous generator. 4.4.1 Construction and properties. 4.4.2 The induction machine equivalent circuit. 4.4.3 The induction machine efficiency. 4.4.4 The induction machinespeed-torque characteristic. 4.4.5 Induction Generator Reactive Power. 4.4.6 Comparison Between Synchronous and Asynchronous Generators. 4.5 Power electronics. 4.5.1 Introduction. 4.5.2 Power semiconductor devices. 4.5.3 Diode bridgerectifier. 4.5.4 Harmonics. 4.5.5 The thyristor bridge converter. 4.5.6 The transistor bridge. Basic square wave. The three-phase bridge. 4.5.7 Converter internal control systems. 4.5.8 DC-DC converters. Step-down DC-DC converter. Step-up DC-DC converter. 4.6.1 Applications to PV systems. Basic grid-connected PV inverter. 4.6.2 Applications to wind power. Fixed versus variable speed - energy capture (Reference [6]). Fixed - speed wind turbines. Two-speed wind turbines. Variable slip wind turbines. DFIG wind turbines (Reference [7]). Wind turbines with full converters. Synchronous generators in wind turbines. Gearless wind turbines. 4.6 References. 5. Power System Analysis. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The transmission system (Reference [1]). 5.2.3 Transmission and distribution systems. 5.2.4 Example networks. 5.3 Voltage control. 5.4 Power flow in an individual section of line. 5.4.1 Electrical characteristics of lines and cables. 5.4.2 Single-phase equivalent circuit. 5.4.3 Voltage drop calculation. 5.4.4 Simplifications and conclusions. 5.5 Reactive Power Management. 5.5.1 Reactive power compensation equipment. a) Tap changers and voltage regulators. 5.6 Load flow and power-system simulation (References [2] and[3]). 5.6.3 Network data. 5.6.4 Load/generation data. 5.6.5 The load flow calculations. 5.6.6 Results. 5.6.7 Unbalanced load-flow. 5.7 Faults and protection. 5.7.1 Short-circuit fault currents. 5.7.2 Symmetrical 3-phase fault current. 5.7.3 Fault currents in general. 5.7.4 Fault level (short-circuit level) - weak grids. 5.7.5 Thévenin equivalent circuit. 5.8 Time-varying and dynamic simulations. 5.9 Reliability Analysis. 5.10 References. 6.1 Distributed generation. 6.1.2 Point of common coupling (PCC). 6.1.3 Connection voltage. 6.2 Voltage effects. 6.2.1 Steady-state voltage rise. 6.2.2 Automatic voltage control - tap changers. 6.2.4 Example load-flow. 6.3 Thermal limits. 6.3.1 Overhead lines and cables. 6.3.2 Transformers. 6.4 Other embedded generation issues. 6.4.1 Flicker, voltage steps and dips. 6.4.2 Harmonics/Distortion. 6.4.3 Phase voltage imbalance. 6.4.3 Power quality. 6.4.5 Network reinforcement. 6.4.6 Network losses. 6.4.7 Fault-level increase. 6.5 Islanding. 6.5.2 Loss-of-mains protection for rotating machines. 6.5.3 Loss-of-mains protection for inverters. 6.6 Fault ride-through. 6.6 Generator and Converter characteristics. 6.7 References. 7. Power System Economics and the Electricity Market. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Costs of ElectricityGeneration. 7.2.1 Capital and Running Costs of Renewable and Conventional Generation Plant. 7.2.2 Total Generation Costs. 7.3 Economic Optimisation in Power Systems. 7.3.1 Variety of generators in a power system. 7.3.2 Optimum Economic Dispatch. 7.3.3 Equal incremental cost dispatch. 7.3.4 OED with several units and generation limits. 7.6 Support Mechanisms for Renewable Energy. 7.7 Electricity Trading. 7.7.1 Introduction. 7.7.2 The UK Electricity Supply Industry. 7.7.3 Competitive Wholesale Markets in Other Countries. 7.7.4 The Value of Renewable Energy in a Competitive Wholesale Market. Introduction. Case Study - The Impact on a Small Hydro Generator of an Electricity Market with Bilateral Trading and a Balancing Market. Trading Renewable Energy in an Electricity Market with Ex Post Pricing. Marketing Green Electricity. 7.8 References. 8. The future - towards a sustainable electricity supply system. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The future of wind power. 8.2.1 Large wind turbines. 8.2.2 Off-shore wind farm development. 8.2.3 Building integrated wind turbines. 8.3 The future of solar power. 8.3.1 PV Technology Development. 8.3.2 Solar thermal electric systems. 8.4 The future of biofuels. 8.5 The future of hydro and marine power. 8.6 Distributed generation and the shape of future networks. 8.6.1 Distribution network evolution. 8.6.2 Active networks. 8.6.3 Problems associated with Distributed Generation. 8.6.4 Options to resolve technical difficulties. 8.7 Conclusions. 8.8 References.
- ISBN: 978-0-470-01749-4
- Editorial: John Wiley & Sons
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 320
- Fecha Publicación: 18/04/2008
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés