Sequencing of the model plant genomes such as those of A. thaliana and rice has revolutionized our understanding of plant biology but it has yet to translate into the improvement of major crop species such as maize, wheat, or barley.Moreover, the comparative genomic studies in cereals that have been performedin the past decade have revealed the limits of conservation between rice and the other cereal genomes. This has necessitated the development of genomic resources and programs for maize, sorghum, wheat, and barley to serve as the foundation for future genome sequencing and the acceleration of genomic based improvement of these critically important crops. Cereals constitute over 50% of total crop production worldwide (http://www.fao.org/) and cereal seeds are one of the most important renewable resources for food, feed, and industrial raw materials. Crop species of the Triticeae tribe that comprise wheat, barley, and rye are essential components of human and domestic animal nutrition. With 17% of all crop area, wheat is the staple food for 40% of the world’s population, while barley ranks fifth in the world production. Their domestication in the Fertile Crescent 10,000 years ago ushered in the beginning of agriculture and signified an important breakthrough in the advancement of civilization. Rye is second after wheat among grains most commonly used in the production of bread and is also very important for mixed animal feeds. It can be cultivated in poor soils and climates that are generally not suitable for other cereals. Extensive genetics and cytogenetics studies performed in the Triticeae species over the last 50 years have led to the characterization of their chromosomal composition and origins and have supported intensive work to create new genetic resources. Cytogenetic studies in wheat have allowed the identification and characterization of the different homoeologous genomes and have demonstrated the utility of studying wheat genome evolution as a model for the analysis of polyploidization, a major force in the evolution of the eukaryotic genomes. Barley with its diploid genome shows high collinearity with the other Triticeae genomesand therefore serves as a good template for supporting genomic analyses in the wheat and rye genomes. The knowledge gained from genetic studies in the Triticeae has also been used to produce Triticale, the first human made hybrid crop that results from a cross between wheat and rye and combines the nutrition quality and productivity of wheat with the ruggedness of rye. Despite the economic importance of the Triticeae species and the need for accelerated crop improvement based on genomics studies, the size (1.7 Gb for the bread wheat genome, i.e., 5x the human genome and 40 times the rice genome), high repeat content(>80%), and complexity (polyploidy in wheat) of their genomes often have been considered too challenging for efficient molecular analysis and genetic improvement in these species. Consequently, Triticeae genomics has lagged behindthe genomic advances of other cereal crops for many years. Recently, however,the situation has changed dramatically and robust genomic programs can be established in the Triticeae as a result of the convergence of several technologydevelopments that have led to new, more efficient scientific capabilities andresources such as whole-genome and chromosome-specific BAC libraries, extensive EST collections, transformation systems, wild germplasm and mutant collections, as well as DNA chips. INDICE: Chapter 1: Genetics of the Triticeae.- Scientific Names in the Triticeae.-Triticeae Genetic Resources in ex situ Genebank Collections.- Domestication of the Triticeae in the fertile crescent.- Cytogenetic Analysis of Wheatand Rye Genomes.- Applying Cytogenetics and Genomics to Wide Hybridisations in the Genus Hordeum.- Methods for Genetic Analysis in the Triticeae.- Genetic mapping in the Triticeae.- Early stages of meiosis in wheat- and the role of Ph1.- Chapter 2: Tools, Resources and Approaches.- A toolbox for Triticeae genomics.- Chromosome Genomics in the Triticeae.- Physical mapping in the Triticeae.- Map-Based Cloning of Genes in Triticeae (Wheat and Barley).- Functional validation in the Triticeae.- Genomics of transposable elements in the Triticeae.- Gene and Repetitive Sequence Annotation in the Triticeae.- Brachypodium distachyon, a New Model for the Triticeae.- Comparative genomics in the Triticeae.- Chapter 3: Genetics and Genomics of Triticeae Biology.- Genomics of Abioticresistance in the Triticeae.- Genomics of biotic resistance in the Triticeae.- Genomics of developmental and reproductive traits in the Triticeae.- Genomics of quality traits in the Triticeae.- Chapter 4: Early messages.- Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping in the Triticeae.- Triticeae genome structure and evolution.- Wheat and barley genome sequencing.- Index.
- ISBN: 978-0-387-77488-6
- Editorial: Springer
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 700
- Fecha Publicación: 01/07/2009
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés