Health, Safety and Environmental Management in Offshore and Petroleum Engineering

This book shares the technical knowhow in the field of health, safety and environmental management, as applied to oil and gas industries and explains concepts through a simple and straightforward approach Provides an overview of health, safety and environmental (HSE) management as applied to offshore and petroleum engineering Covers the fundamentals of HSE and demonstrates its practical application Includes industry case studies and examples based on the author?s experiences in both academia and oil and gas industries Presents recent research results Includes tutorials and exercises INDICE: Preface .About the author .Chapter 1: Safety Assurance and Assessment .1.1 Importance of Safety .1.2 Basic terminologies in HSE 3 .1.3 Importance of safety in offshore and petroleum industries 7 .1.4 Objectives of HSE 10 .1.5 Scope of HSE guidelines 12 .1.6 Need for safety 12 .1.7 Organizing safety 14 .1.7.1 Ekofisk B Blowout 15 .1.7.2 Enchova Blowout 16 .1.7.3 West Vanguard Gas Blowout 17 .1.7.4 Ekofisk A riser rupture 19 .1.7.5 Piper A explosion and fire 19 .1.8 Risk 20 .1.9 Safety assurance and assessment 22 .1.10 Frank a& Morgan Logical Risk analysis 23 .1.11 Defeating accident process 32 .1.12 Acceptable risk 33 .1.13 Risk assessment 34 .1.13.1 Hazard identification 35 .1.13.2 Dose–response assessment 35 .1.13.3 Exposure assessment 35 .1.13.4 Risk characterization 36 .1.14 Application issues of risk assessment 36 .1.15 Hazard classification and assessment 37 .1.15.1 Hazard identification 38 .1.15.2 Hazard identification methods 40 .1.16 Hazard identification during operation (HaZOP) 41 .1.16.1 HaZOP objectives 42 .1.16.2 Common application areas of HaZOP 42 .1.16.3 Advantages of HaZOP 43 .1.17 Steps in HaZOP 45 1.18 Backbone of HaZOP 46 .1.19 HaZOP flow chart 51 .1.20 Full recording versus recording by exception 53 .1.21 Pseudo secondary words 53 .1.22 When to do HaZOP? 54 .1.22.1 Types of HaZOP 55 .1.23 Case study: Example problem of Group Gathering Station 56 .1.24 Accidents in offshore platforms 68 .1.24.1 Sliepner A Platform 68 .1.24.2 Thunder Horse Platform 70 .1.24.3 Timor Sea Oil Rig 71 .1.24.4 Bombay High North Offshore Platform 72 .1.25 Hazard evaluation and hazard control 74 .1.25.1 Hazard evaluation 74 .1.25.2 Hazard classification 75 .1.25.3 Hazard control 76 .1.25.4 Monitoring 77 .Exercise 1 79 .Exercise 1: Solutions 85 .Model paper 1 96–97 .Chapter 2 Environmental issues and Management 98 .2.1 Primary environmental issues 99 .2.1.1 Visible consequences 99 .2.1.2 Trends in oil and gas resources 100 .2.1.3 World s energy resources 100 .2.1.4 Anthropogenic impact of Hydrosphere 101 .2.1.5 Marine pollution 103 .2.1.6 Marine pollutants 104 .2.1.7 Consequence of marine pollutants 106 .2.2 Impact of oil and gas industries on marine environment 107 .2.2.1 Drilling operations and consequences 111 .2.2.2 Main constituents of oil based drilling fluid 111 .2.2.3 Pollution due to produced waters during drilling 113 .2.3 Drilling accidents 113 .2.3.1 Underwater storage reservoirs 114 .2.4 Pipelines 114 .2.5 Impact on marine pollution 115 .2.6 Oil hydrocarbons: Composition and Consequences 115 .2.6.1 Crude oil 116 .2.7 Detection of oil content in marine pollution 116 .2.8 Oil spill: Physical review 117 .2.8.1 Environmental impact of oil spill 117 .2.9 Oil: A multi–component toxicant 118 .2.9.1 Oil spill 118 .2.10 Chemicals and wastes from offshore oil industry 120 .2.10.1 Drilling discharges 120 .2.11 Control of oil spill 121 .2.12 Environmental management issues 121 .2.12.1 Environmental protection: Principles applied to oil and gas activities 122 .2.12.2 Environmental Management: Standards and Requirements 123 .2.13 Ecological monitoring 123 .2.13.1 Ecological monitoring stages 124 .2.14 Atmospheric pollution 124 .2.14.1 Release and dispersion models 124 .2.14.2 Continuous release and instantaneous release (Plume and Puff models) 125 .2.14.3 Factors affecting dispersion 126 .2.15 Dispersion models for neutrally and positively buoyancy gas 131 .2.15.1 Plume dispersion models 131 .2.15.2 Maximum plume concentration 133 .2.16 Puff dispersion model 133 .2.16.1 Maximum Puff concentration 134 .2.17 Isopleths 135 .2.18 Estimate of dispersion coefficients 136 .2.18.1 Estimates from equations 139 .2.19 Dense gas dispersion 140 .2.19.1 Britter–Mcquiad dense gas dispersion model: steps 141 .2.20 Evaluation of toxic effects of dispersed liquid and gas 145 .2.21 Hazard Assessment and Accident Scenarios 146 .2.21.1 Damage estimate modelling: Probit model 148 .2.21.2 Probit correlations for various damages 150 .2.22 Fire and Explosion models 151 .Exercises 154–158 .3. Accident Modeling, Risk assessment and Management 159 .3.1 Introduction 159 .3.2 Dose Versus response 159 .3.2.1 Various types of doses 160 .3.2.2 TLV concentration 161 .3.3 Industrial Hygiene 162 .3.4 Fire and explosion modelling 162 .3.4.1 Fundamentals of fire and explosion 162 .3.5 Fire and explosion characteristics of materials 164 .3.5.1 Flammability characteristics of liquids 165 .3.5.2 Flammability characteristics of vapour and gases 166 .3.6 Flammability limit behaviour 167 .3.7 Estimation of flammability limits using stoichiometric balance 167 .3.7.1 Stoichiometric balance 168 .3.7.2 Estimation of Limiting Oxygen concentration (LOC) 169 .3.8 Flammability diagram for hydrocarbons 169 .3.8.1 Constructing flammabilitydiagram 170 .3.9 Ignition energy 172 .3.10 Explosions 175 .3.10.1 Confined vapor cloud explosion (CVCE) 175 .3.10.2 Vapor cloud explosion (VCE) 176 .3.10.3 Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) 176 .3.10.4 Vented explosion (VE) 176 .3.10.5 Dust explosion 176 .3.11 Explosion characteristics 176 .3.12 Explosion modelling 177 .3.13 Damage consequences of explosion damage 178 .3.14 Energy in chemical explosions 183 .3.15 Explosion energy in physical explosions 183 .3.16 Dust and Gaseous explosion 184 .3.17 Explosion damage estimate 184 .3.18 Fire and explosion preventive measures 185 .3.18.1 Inerting and purging 186 .3.19 Use of flammability diagram 193 .3.19.1 Placing a vessel out of service 194 .3.19.2 Placing a vessel into service 194 .3.20 NFPA 69 recommendations 195 .3.21 Explosion proof equipments 196 .3.21.1 Class systems 196 .3.21.2 Group systems 196 .3.21.3 Division systems 197 .3.22 Ventilation for storage and process areas 197 .3.22.1 Storage areas 197 .3.22.2 Process areas 198 .3.23 Sprinkler systems 198 .3.23.1 Anti–freeze sprinkler system 198 .3.23.2 Deluge sprinkler system 198 .3.23.3 Dry pipe sprinkler system 199 .3.23.4 Wet pipe sprinkler system 199 .3.24 Toxic release and dispersion modelling 199 .3.24.1 Threshold limit values (TLVs ) 199 .3.25 Industrial Hygiene 200 .3.26 Exposure evaluation: Chemical Hazard 201 .3.26.1 Time weighted average method 201 .3.26.2 Overexposure at work place 202 .3.26.3 TLV–TWA Mix 202 .3.27 Exposure evaluation: physical hazards 203 .3.28 Industrial Hygiene Control 203 .3.28.1 Environmental control 203 .3.28.2 Personal protection 203 .3.29 Ventilation hoods to reduce hazards 204 .3.30 Elements to control Process Accidents 205 .3.31 Methods for chemical risk analysis 207 .3.31.1 Qualitative risk analysis 207 .3.31.2 Quantitative risk analysis 207 .3.32 Safety review 207 .3.33 Process Hazards Checklists 208 .3.34 Hazard surveys 208 .3.35 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG) 209 .3.36 Chemical Exposure Index 210 .3.37 Guidelines for Estimating Amount of Material becoming Airborne following a Release .3.37.1 Example problem on Ammonia release 220 .3.37.2 Example problem in chlorine release 222 .3.38 Quantified Risk Assessment 223 .3.39 Hazard Identification (HAZID) 223 .3.40 Cause analysis 225 .3.41 Fault tree analysis (FTA) 225 .3.42 Event Tree Analysis (ETA) 227 .3.43 Disadvantages of QRA 228 .3.44 Risk Acceptance criteria 228 .3.45 Hazard Assessment 230 .3.47 Identify hazards 231 .3.47.1 Prioritizing hazards 231 .3.48 Risk Assessment 232 .3.48.1 Identify and implement hazard controls 232 .3.48.2 Communicate 232 .3.49 Evaluate effectivenes 233 .3.50 Fatality risk assessment 233 .3.50.1 Statistical Analysis 234 .3.50.2 Phenomena based analysis 234 .3.50.3 Averaging of FAR values 234 .3.51 Marine Systems Risk Modelling 235 .3.51.1 Ballast system failure 235 .3.52 Risk Picture: Definitions and Characteristics 235 .3.53 Fatality risk 236 .3.53.1 Platform fatality risk 236 .3.53.2 Individual risk 237 .3.54 Societal risk 237 .3.55 Impairment Risk 238 .3.56 Environment Risk 239 .3.57 Asset Risk 239 .3.57.1 Risk Assessment and Management 240 .3.58 Probabilistic Risk Assessment 240 .3.59 Risk Management 241 .3.59.1 Risk Preference 241 .Exercises 242–252 .4. Safety measures in design and operation 253 .4.1 Introduction 253 .4.2 Inerting or purging 254 .4.3 Terminologies 254 .4.3.1 Flammable limits 254 .4.3.2 Holding purge 255 .4.3.3 Hot cutting 255 .4.3.4 Hot tap 255 .4.3.5 Inert gas 255 .4.3.6 Inert purge 256 .4.3.7 purge 256 .4.3.8 Purge gas 256 .4.3.9 Purge into service 256 .4.3.10 Purge out of service 256 .4.3.11 Pyrophoric 256 .4.3.12 Slug 256 .4.3.13 Stratification 257 .4.3.14 Ventilation 257 .4.4 Factors affecting purging 257 .4.5 Causes of Dilution or Mixing 258 .4.5.1 Area of contact 258 .4.5.2 Time of contact 259 .4.5.3 Input velocities 260 .4.5.4 Densities of gases 260 .4.5.5 Temperature effects 261 .4.6 Methods of Purging 262 .4.6.1 Siphon Purging 262 .4.6.2 Vacuum purging 262 .4.6.3 Pressure Purging 263 .4.6.4 Sweep–Through Purging 264 .4.6.5 Fixed–Rate Purging 264 .4.6.6 Variable–Rate or Demand Purging 265 .4.7 Limits of Flammability of Gas Mixtures 265 .4.8 Protection System Design and Operation 266 .4.9 Explosion prevention systems 267 .4.10 Safe Work Practices 267 .4.10.1 Load lifting 267 .4.10.2 Confined space, excavations, and hazardous environments 267 .4.10.3 Lockout/Tagout 268 .4.10.4 Well Pumping Units 269 .4.11 Hot work permit 270 .4.12 Welding Fumes and Ventilation 272 .4.13 Critical equipments 272 .4.13.1 Changes to critical equipment 273 .4.14 Fire prevention 274 .4.15 Fire protection 274 .4.16 Grounding and bonding 274 .4.17 Other general requirements 275 .4.17.1Performance–Based Design 275 .4.17.2 Inspection of protection systems 280 .4.18 Process Safety Management (PSM) at Oil and Gas Operations 282 .4.18.1 Process safety information 282 .4.18.2 Process safet information 283 .4.19 Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) 284 .4.20 safe operating procedures 285 .4.21 Safe Work Practice Procedures 286 .4.21.1 Training 287 .4.21.2 Pre–Startup Review 287 .4.22 Mechanical Integrity 288 .4.23 Management of Change 289 .4.24 Incident investigations 290 .4.25 Compliance Audits 290 .4.26 Software used in HSE management 291 .4.26.1 CMO COMPLIANCE 291 .4.26.2 Spiramid s HSE Software 292 .4.26.3 Integrum 293 .4.26.4 Rivo HSE Management Software 293 .Exercises 293 .Solution 296–301 .Application problem .Quantified Risk assessment of LPG filling station 302–311 .References 312–319

• ISBN: 978-1-119-22184-5
• Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 272
• Fecha Publicación: 29/04/2016
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés