Essential Oils in Food Processing: Chemistry, Safety and Applications

A guide to the use of essential oils in food, including information on their composition, extraction methods, and their antioxidant and antimicrobial applications Consumers food preferences are moving away from synthetic additives and preservatives and there is an increase demand for convenient packaged foods with long shelf lives. The use of essential oils fills the need for more natural preservativesto extend the shelf–life and maintaining the safety of foods. Essential Oils in Food Processing offers researchers in food science a guide to the chemistry, safety and applications of these easily accessible and eco–friendly substances. The text offers a review of essential oils components, history, source and their application in foods and explores common and new extraction methods of essential oils from herbs and spices. The authors show how to determine the chemical composition of essential oils as well as an explanation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of these oils in foods. This resource also delves into the effect of essential oils on food flavor and explores the interaction of essential oils and food components. Essential Oils in Food Processing offers a: Handbook of the use of essential oils in food, including their composition, extraction methods and their antioxidant and antimicrobial applications Guide that shows how essential oils can be used to extend the shelf life of food products whilst meeting consumer demand for natural products Review of the use of essential oils as natural flavour ingredients Summary of relevant food regulations as pertaining to essential oils Academic researchers in food science, R&D scientists, and educators and advanced students in food science and nutrition can tap into the most recent findings and basic understanding of the chemistry, application, and safe us of essential oils in food processing. INDICE: List of Contributors xi .Acknowledgements xv .Introduction xvii .1 Essential Oils and Their Characteristics 1M.C.T. Duarte, R. Duarte, R.A.F. Rodrigues and M.V.N. Rodrigues .1.1 Introduction 1 .1.1.1 Chemical Characteristics of Essential Oils 1 .1.1.2 Factors Influencing the Quantity and Quality of Essential Oil in Plants 8 .1.1.3 Pathogens Attack 8 .1.1.4 Environmental Factors 9 .1.1.5 Hydric Stress 12 .1.1.6 Plant Nutrition 13 .1.1.7 Genetic Factors and Chemical Diversity 14 .1.2 Conclusions 15 .References 15 .2 Extraction Methods of Essential Oils From Herbs and Spices 21Shahin Roohinejad, Mohamed Koubaa, Francisco J. Barba, Sze Ying Leong, Anissa Khelfa, Ralf Greiner and Farid Chemat .2.1 Introduction 21 .2.2 Conventional Methods of Extraction 22 .2.2.1 Hydrodistillation 22 .2.2.2 Steam Distillation 27 .2.2.3 Solvent Extraction 28 .2.3 Novel Extraction Methods 32 .2.3.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 32 .2.3.2 Ultrasound Assisted Extraction 34 .2.3.2.1 Ultrasound Assisted Solvent Extraction 34 .2.3.2.2 Combination of UAE with Other Techniques 35 .2.3.3 Ohmic Assisted Hydrodistillation 37 .2.3.4 Pulsed Electrical Assisted Extraction 38 .2.3.5 Microwave Assisted Extraction 40 .2.3.5.1 Vacuum Microwave Hydrodistillation (VWHD) 40 .2.3.5.2 Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG) 42 .2.3.5.3 Solvent Free Microwave Extraction (SFME) 43 .2.4 Conclusions 44 .Acknowledgements 44 .References 45 .3 Identification of Essential Oil Components 57Elena E. Stashenko and Jairo Rene Martinez .3.1 Introduction 57 .3.2 Essential Oils as Multicomponent Complex Mixtures 59 .3.2.1 Classification and Main Components 59 .3.2.2 Compositional Variation and Dependence on Internal and External Factors 61 .3.2.3 Essential Oil Isolation and Preparation for Chromatographic Analysis 62 .3.3 Essential Oil Component Identification 65 .3.3.1 Gas Chromatography 67 .3.3.1.1 Columns 70 .3.3.1.2 Injection Systems 71 .3.3.1.3 Detection Systems 72 .3.3.2 Retention Indices 77 .3.3.3 Mass Spectrometry 82 .3.3.3.1 Ionisation Processes 83 .3.3.3.2 Ion Types and Fragmentation Patterns 84 .3.3.3.3 Mass Spectra Interpretation 85 .3.3.4 Hyphenated Techniques 95 .3.4 GC MS 95 .3.4.1 Tandem Methods 103 .3.4.2 Multidimensional and Comprehensive Techniques 106 .3.5 Isolation of Individual Components or Enriched Fractions 110 .3.6 Conclusions 111 .References 112 .4 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils 119Hassan Eslahi, Nafiseh Fahimi and Ali Reza Sardarian .4.1 Introduction 119 .4.2 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils 124 .4.2.1 Terpenes and Terpenoids 124 .4.2.2 Aromatic Compounds 127 .4.3 Synthesis and Biosynthesis of Essential Oils 127 .4.3.1 Terpenes and Terpenoids 130 .4.3.2 Sesquiterpenes and Sesquiterpenoids 147 .4.3.3 Aromatic Compounds 154 .4.4 Effective Factors on the Composition of Essential Oils 155 .References 157 .5 Basic Structure, Nomenclature, Classification and Properties of Organic Compounds of Essential Oil 173Iuliana Vintil .5.1 Introduction 173 .5.1.1 Antioxidant Properties 177 .5.1.1.1 DPPH Assay 178 .5.1.1.2 The Bleaching Assay 181 .5.1.2 Anti Microbial and Anti Viral Activity 182 .5.1.3 Anti Aflatoxigenic Activity 182 .5.1.4 Anti Inflammatory, Analgesic, Antipyretic, Pro Kinetic and Pro Immunity Activity (Pharmacologic Properties) 182 .5.1.5 Anti Carcinogenic and Cytotoxicity Activity 183 .5.2 Final .Conclusions 183 .References 187 .6 Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil 191Saeedeh Shojaee Aliabadi, Seyede Marzieh Hosseini and Liela Mirmoghtadaie .6.1 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils 191 .6.1.1 Terpene Origin Compounds 191 .6.1.2 Aromatic Compounds 193 .6.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils 193 .6.3 Synergistic and Antagonism Effect of Essential Oils with Other Antimicrobials 206 .6.4 Interaction Between Essential Oils and Essential Oils with Other Food Antimicrobials 207 .6.5 Food Packaging Containing Essential Oils 207 .6.5.1 Antimicrobial Activity of Packaging Containing Essential Oils 207 .6.5.1.1 Biopolymers 208 .6.5.1.2 Synthetic Polymers 209 .6.5.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Packaging in Vapor Phase 210 .6.5.3 Release Properties of Essential Oils From Packaging 211 .6.6 Encapsulation of Essential Oils 212 .6.7 Application of Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents in Different Food Products 214 .6.7.1 Bakery Products 214 .6.7.2 Dairy Products 216 .6.7.3 Meat Products 217 .6.7.4 Fruits and Vegetables 218 .6.7.5 Others 219 .References 219 .7 Bioactivity of Essential Oils Towards Fungi and Bacteria: Mode of Action and Mathematical Tools 231Antonio Bevilacqua, Barbara Speranza, Marianne Perricone, Milena Sinigaglia and Maria Rosaria Corbo .7.1 The Main Traits of Essential Oils 231 .7.2 Antibacterial Activity of EOs 233 .7.2.1 Effect on Cell Morphology 234 .7.2.2 Disruption of the Outer Membrane of Gram Negative Bacteria 235 .7.2.3 Effect on the Cytoplasmatic Membrane 235 .7.2.4 Homeostasis, Enzymes and Other Activities 235 .7.2.5 Changes in Proteome and Transcriptome 236 .7.2.6 EOs and Bacterial Spores 236 .7.3 Antifungal Activity of EOs 237 .7.4 Mathematical Tools 237 .7.4.1 Bacteria and Yeasts 237 .7.4.2 Filamentous Fungi 239 .7.4.3 Fractional Inhibitory Index 241 .References 241 .8 Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils in Foods 247Seyed Mohammad Bagher Hashemi, Shima Bazgir Khorram and Maryam Sohrabi .8.1 Introduction 247 .8.2 In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils 248 .8.3 Edible Oils and Fats 250 .8.4 Meat and Poultry Products 257 .8.5 Dairy Products 260 .8.6 Conclusions 261 .References 261 .9 Mode of Antioxidant Action of Essential Oils 267Riccardo Amorati and Mario C. Foti .9.1 Introduction 267 .9.2 Lipid Oxidation and Antioxidant Activity of Chemical Compounds 269 .9.3 Methods for Determining the Antioxidant Properties of Chemicals 274 .9.3.1 Autoxidation of a Substrate 275 .9.3.2 TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Species) 275 .9.3.3 The Rancimat Test 276 .9.3.4 ORAC Assay 276 .9.3.5 DPPH Test 276 .9.4 Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils 277 .9.4.1 Essential Oils Components 277 .9.4.2 Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils 280 .9.4.3 Antioxidant Activity of Films, Edible Coatings and Nanomaterials Containing EOs 283 .9.5 Antioxidant Activity of EOs in Real Food Samples 284 .9.5.1 EOs Directly Added to Food 284 .9.5.1.1 Fish 284 .9.5.1.2 Meat 284 .9.5.1.3 Oil 285 .9.5.2 EOs in Modified Atmosphere Packaging 285 .9.5.3 Edible Coatings 287 .9.6 Conclusions 287 .References 287 .10 Principles of Sensory Evaluation in Foods Containing Essential Oil 293Emma Mani Lopez, Ana Cecilia Lorenzo Leal, Enrique Palou and Aurelio Lopez Malo .10.1 Introduction 293 .10.2 Sensory Aspects of Essential Oils 294 .10.2.1 Selected Examples 295 .10.3 Desirable Applications of Essential Oils and Their Relation with Sensory Analysis 296 .10.3.1 Antimicrobial Applications 296 .10.3.2 Antioxidant Applications 296 .10.3.3 Other Applications 297 .10.4 The Relationship Between Composition of Essential Oils and Sensory Properties 297 .10.5 Factors Influencing Sensory Measurements 300 .10.5.1 Physiological Factors 300 .10.5.2 Psychological Considerations 300 .10.5.3 Other Factors 302 .10.6 Selection and Training of Panelists 303 .10.6.1 Panelists for Descriptive Testing 303 .10.6.2 Trained Descriptive Panel 304 .10.6.3 Selection and Training of Panelists for Discrimination Tests 305 .10.7 Sample Preparation 305 .10.8 Sensory Analysis Methods 309 .10.9 Descriptive Tests 310 .10.10 Discrimination Tests 313 .10.11 Time Intensity Methods 315 .10.12 Preference Tests 315 .10.13 Sensory Analysis Reports 316 .10.14 New Approaches to Reduce Undesirable Sensory Effects of Essential Oils 320 .References 320 .11 Global Regulation of Essential Oils 327Ismail Es, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah and Hamid Akbariirad .11.1 Introduction 327 .11.2 Global Institutions Involved in Essential Oil Regulation 328 .11.2.1 World Health Organisation (WHO) 329 .11.2.2 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) 330 .11.2.3 FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) 332 .11.2.4 International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) 332 .11.2.5 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 333 .11.2.6 EU Commission 335 .11.2.7 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 335 .11.2.8 Essential Oil Association of the United States (EOA) 336 .11.2.9 Australian Regulatory 336 .11.2.10 Canadian Food and Drug Regulation 336 .11.2.11 The American Essential Oil Trade Association (AEOTA) 336 .11.2.12 The International Federation of Essential Oils and Aroma Trades (IFEOAT) 336 .11.3 Conclusion 337 .References 337 .12 Safety Evaluation of Essential Oils 339Ramadasan Kuttan and Vijayasteltar B. Liju .12.1 Introduction 339 .12.1.1 Use and Applications of Essential Oils 340 .12.2 Essential Oils and General Safety 340 .12.3 Safety of Essential Oils Used in Cosmetics and Industrial Applications 341 .12.4 Safety of Essential Oils Used in Agriculture 342 .12.5 Topical Administration of Essential Oils Safety Issues 343 .12.5.1 Essential Oils and Aromatherapy 343 .12.6 Essential Oils and Eye Safety 344 .12.7 Phototoxicity of Essential Oils 344 .12.8 Acute and Sub Chronic Oral Toxicity of Essential Oils 345 .12.9 Constituents Based Toxicity Evaluation of Essential Oils 346 .12.10 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity of the Essential Oils 349 .12.11 Conclusion 350 .References 351 .Index 359

• ISBN: 978-1-119-14934-7
• Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 392
• Fecha Publicación: 08/12/2017
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés